Roman governors, appointed by the
Senate from among the higher ranks of the military, ruled
within the conquered provinces
允许保留习俗、授予罗马公民身份
Punic war
mare nostrum地中海成为其内海
助长帝国主义的火焰
highly disciplined army was the backbone of
the Empire
The Collapse of the Republic (133–30 B.C.E.)
帝国主义在共和国内改革
By its authority to handle all military
matters, the Senate became increasingly powerful。 新的阶级:equestrian骑士由企业家构成,担任行政职位
侵略战争壮大贵族实力
战俘被拍卖给地主
农场成为大型种植园large-scale plantations (latifundia)
小农破产,被迫卖农场
贫富差距拉大
改革失败,加剧政治竞争
军事独裁者dictator对权力的相互竞争As bloody confrontations replaced reasoned
compromises, the Republic crumbled
46 b.c.e., Gaius Julius Caesar
entered
the city of Rome and established
a dictatorship独裁统治
散文Commentaries on the Gallic War boast自夸:veni, vidi, vici (“I came, I saw, I conquered”).
统治措施及成就:编法典codified laws, regulated taxation, reduced debts, sent the unemployed proletariat无产阶级 to overseas colonies,
and inaugurated public works projects。laid out Rome’s
first urban center: the Forum古罗马广场(functions of government, law, commerce,
and religion)reformed the Western calendar
The Roman Empire (30 B.C.E.–180 C.E.)
Octavian打败Mark
Anthony,统治罗马
43 b.c.e., Octavian usurped the consulship
and gained the approval of the Senate to
rule for life终身统治
Senate, bestowed on him the
title Augustus。Augustus
shared legislative power with the Senate,
but retained the right to veto legislation否决立法的权力
奥古斯都
Pax Romana奥古斯都统治开启和平时代
commercial contact with all parts of the civilized
world, including India and China
arrest
the tide of moral decay
artistic and literary
productivity
witnessed birth of Christianity
Roman Law
means of unification,加入议会和元老院的法案
出于统治需要
而希腊法product of
a dialectic (辩证法)between the citizen and the polis城邦
praetors裁判官 (magistrates who administered
justice) and jurisconsults法学专家 interpreted (解释)
the laws, constituting a body of “case
law.”判例法
Twelve Tables of Law, 450 b.c.e
陈列在Forum
an evolving body of opinions on
the nature and dispensation of justice
magistrates cultivate concepe of equality,法律精神置于法律条文上
随着公民范围扩大,法律适用范围,包含习俗也扩大,承认 compromises between conflicting customs and traditions
acts were passed by Roman legislative assemblies立法议会, and the edicts of Roman
emperors
The Roman Contribution to Literature
Roman Philosophic Thought
preserved the writings of Hellenic and
Hellenistic thinker
拉丁诗人卢克莱修斯Lucretius。推广德谟克利特Democritus和 Leucippus留基伯的唯物主义理论,用物理术语描述世界,否认神和其他超自然生物的存在。《论事物的本质》the Nature of
Things现实由原子组成
many
Romans cultivated the attitude of rational detachment
冷静popular among the Stoics
Romans cultivated the attitude of rational detachment(理性超然)
among the Stoics斯多葛学派
encouraged the
Roman sense of duty
Stoic belief
in the equality of all people 人人生而平等had a humanizing人性化 effect on
Roman jurisprudence法学 and anticipated the all-embracing
direction 包罗万象of Early Christian thought
Seneca’s
On Tranquility of Mind论心灵的宁静
Latin Prose(散文) Literature
罗马文学揭示了拉丁散文对娱乐、指导和记录的熟练使用。罗马人将知识应用到实际目的
历史学家倾向于美化罗马及其领导地位,但也极其关注准确细节
提图斯·利维乌斯 李维写了部八世纪罗马史 构成了对罗马共和国时期政治和社会最可靠的描述
oratory
Marcus
Tullius Cicero
Cicerp
清晰和雄辩是其散文风格的标志
反映了对实际现实的深刻关注
considered public service
the noblest of human activities
Roman Epic Poetry
Virgil
Aeneid《埃涅伊斯纪》
The hero of
Virgil’s poem is Rome’s mythical founder
前六本书讲述这位英雄从特洛伊到意大利的旅程,以及他与迦太基人的爱情
Roman Lyric Poetry
Virgil
eclogues
Catullus
The greatest of the
Latin lyric poets
reflects familiarity with the
art of Sappho, whose lyrics he admired
Ovidius奥维德
Metamorphoses《变形记》
stories about Greek and Roman gods develops the theme
of supernatural transformation超自然的转变 (叙事诗)
Ovid himself pursued a
career of poetry and love
The art of love 反女性
The Poems of Horace
pointed up the contradictions between practical realities
and philosophic ideals
rsatire讽刺文学
The Satires of Juvenal
伟大的讽刺作家
Against the
City of Rome
among the most
devastating ever written
他后来的地方法官生涯以及他的贫困和经济失败的经历导致了他对罗马社会的负面看法
Against Women
one of the most bitter antifemale diatribes in the history of Western literature
可能反映了公众对在他那个时代普遍存在的淫乱的强烈抗议
婚姻 出轨 情妇等
当时的女性
不比雅典女性拥有更多公民权
但可担任传统及其他新型职业
通过对丈夫和儿子的影响来塑造继承和政治问题
Flavian woman
The Arts of the Roman Empire
reflected the practical needs of a
sprawling empire
中心城市问题突出
约18条引水渠为罗马的主要城市带来了淡水
Romans considered their most significant technological achievement
The disappearance of the small
farmer signaled the decline of the Republic思维导图模板大纲
Government
by and for the people had been the hallmark 标志of Rome’s
early history, but the enterprise of imperialism ultimately
overtook these lofty republican ideals.思维导图模板大纲
Byzantine 拜占庭
(East Roman) emperor Justinian查士丁尼 would codify this huge
body of law, thereafter known as the Corpus Juris Civilis《民法大全》.思维导图模板大纲
200 c.e., the emperor
Septimius Severus banned female combat, finding it an
affront to military dignity思维导图模板大纲