于逸轩20241701040思维导图

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其中包括根据裁判的建议进行的额外实验

论文的总体审查意见

在回应裁判对论文的主要批评时

尊敬的主编、副主编和匿名审稿人

询问有无收到稿件、关于论文的总体审查意见

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Chapter 1 Getting to know each other

What's your milestone?

Tell your partner about your education and working experiences:

Introduce yourself to your partner with the following aspects:

your discipline

your research focuses

your supervisor and his/her interests, and the reasons why you choose him/her as your supervisor

your recent plan in your research at least three important things your present research focuses on.

your interests and hobbies

Anything you would like to share with others Guided speaking

Hello, very glad to meet you here. My name is ... May I know your name?

I am from Chemical Engineering College. My research focus is on ....

May I know your research plan?

Who is your supervisor? Why did you choose her/him as your supervisor？

Guided speaking

Hello, very glad to meet you here. My name is ... May I know your name?

I am from Chemical Engineering College. My research focus is on ....

May I know your research plan?

Who is your supervisor? Why did you choose her/him as your supervisor?

Can you describe him/her in a few words?

I do have some research plans but I am not sure of my supervisor's idea. For example, I plan to write a research paper, but I have no idea in which perspective I can access to...

As you know our university encourages us to write academic papers to the international journals, but I have no ideas what to do...can you give me some advice?

My supervisor is famous in this area and his research reaches the top of this area. He published more than 30 articles both in the international and the Chinese journals, including the famous journal, such as Nature, Science.

My supervisor is a very responsible person for his teaching and research. He is not only respected in his academics, but also in his personality, He is funny, kind, and intellectual.

I have no ideas about my research plan because my supervisor is too busy, can you give me some suggestions?

I have no advice because I share the same situation as yours. Can we ask our classmate, xxx. As far as I know, she/he has a good plan for his/her research.

There are at least three reasons why I chose this area as my major. Firstly,.. secondly...

I chose this area as my major, just because of my parents' expectation...

I chose this area as my major, because I am interested in this area / because it has a very promising future, I suppose/ I can explain it in the following three reasons. Firstly....

I am going abroad to further my study because I think this area is more advanced in America than at home

Chapter 2 Organizing international conference

Having an international conference means having opportunity to:

meet specific scientific specialists from other countries.

become familiar with study and faculty in a hosting country (curriculum, faculty equipment and possibilities for research work, first hand information about student exchange possibilities local and national student organization and the irprojects, sport and casual events etc.).

bring new active members into your association,

get to know the history and beauties of the hosting country,

get to know the culture and religion of the hosting country

be introduced to social life in hosting country by being part of it for a while,

travel, gain new life experiences

train your management skills,

gain new friendship ,and a lot of other reasons, professional and personal.

PRE-PREPARATION

In-class group activity

Try to use AI search for pre-preparation for inter nation academic conference.

Inspiration from different conferences:

1. Why is it necessary to look at other conferences?

Mostly because it can give lots and lots of ideas, hints, tips on almost every aspect of the conference.

•2. For example, a quick look at the web page of some conference can give you tons of information on how should an application form look like

Fill in a slip of paper / fill in the blank

Fill out

The application form.

Conference information should consist of following individuals

1.Head of conference

(

the overall planning and decision- making for the conference, including setting the theme, objectives, and scale. Organizing and mediating Head of different departments.

2. Head of scientific committee :

Made up of experts in the field, the scientific committee reviews submitted papers to ensure their academic quality an relevance. They also contribute to shaping the conference agenda, focusing on scientific rigor and cutting-edge reseal.

3.Head of finances

Manages the conference budget, fundraising, and financial management. They work with sponsors to secure funding and resources, and ensure the conference operates within its financial constraints.

4.Head of program

(

1)the creation of a comprehensive conference schedule,

balancing keynote speeches, parallel sessions, and

other events to ensure a smooth flow.

2)Paper Solicitation and Review:

A. Call for Papers: Leads the development of the Call for Papers, outlining submission guidelines and deadlines, and promotes it to the academic community.

B. Peer Review Process: Coordinates the paper review process with the Scientific Committee, ensuring a fair and rigorous evaluation of submitted papers, and decides on their acceptance or rejection based on reviewer feedback

5. Head of accommodation

(

They ensure the facilities meet the needs of the conference, including seating arrangements, and catering services.

6. Head of logistics

(

7. Head of technical support

(

8. Head of Webmaster:

Responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining the official website of the academic conference. This includes the overall layout of the website, content updates, and technical support to ensure its stable operation and provision of accurate, timely information to users

Providing an online platform for participants to register and sign up for the conference, facilitating a quick and efficient registration process and access to conference-related information.

This typically involves collecting participant information, publishing the conference schedule, and generating participation credentials.

9. Head of Public Relationship

Public Relations in academic conferences is a multifaceted endeavor requiring careful planning and execution.

In academic conferences, Public Relations (PR) holds a pivotal role, encompassing effective communication and relationship management with attendees, media, partners, and the broader public. Here's a detailed breakdown of the key aspects of PR in academic conferences.

10. Head of Volunteers

As the Head of Volunteers in an international academic conference, you are instrumental in ensuring the efficient functioning of the volunteer team and the overall success of the event.

Your leadership, communication, organizational, and interpersonal skills are vital to this endeavor

A. Responsibilities:

1. Recruitment and Selection: Develop a volunteer recruitment plan, outlining criteria, processes, and deadlines.

3. Task Allocation and Scheduling

Assign tasks and positions to volunteers based on their expertise and the conference's needs.

Create detailed work schedules to ensure volunteers are aware of their assignments and responsibilities.Make adjustments during the conference as necessary to accommodate changes.

4. Supervision and Evaluation

•Monitor volunteers' performance to ensure tasks are completed as required.

•Conduct regular evaluations, providing feedback and suggestions for improvement.

•Address issues and challenges faced by volunteers, offering support and assistance.

5. Motivation and Recognition

•Implement a motivation system, such as certificates or tokens of appreciation, to acknowledge volunteers" contributions.

•Encourage volunteers to share their experiences, fostering a sense of belonging and pride.

e.g.

In order to promote closer exchanges of academic research and engineering technology in the field of power equipment at home and abroad, the International Society of Electrical and Electronic Engineers established the international forum. This conference is held every two years. The 6h conference will be held in Chongqing from April 10-13, 2022, and will be hosted by Chongqing University. This conference mainly focused on the exchange of topics such as the technology and engineering of new intelligent monitoring of electrical equipment

During the Session

1) Please briefly introduce the speaker and the title of the paper at the beginning of the presentation.

2) Please encourage discussions after the presentation.

Try to give chair is comments at the end of each presentation.

3) Please be connected with keeping time in schedule,

and strictly enforce each time limit for each presentation time slot.

4) If the speaker is absent, please help to arrange a short discussion according to the presented topics or topics that are related to this session.

5) Only presenters whose names are written on the program book are acceptable to make a presentation.

6) Session room staffs will be assigned in every session room to support Session Chairs. Please request them for cooperation if you have any problems.

Useful Phrases for chairperson

Opening the session:

Getting attention:

Right, is everybody here? Good, I think we can start.Welcoming the audience:

Good morning, everyone.

I'd like to welcome you all on behalf of the department/ Faculty / the organizers.

Specifying the features of the conference

What kind of a conference (regional, European, thematic...)?

For who is the conference organized (who to invite)?

Where will it be held? When will it be held? How long?

Where will it be held

Your faculty or in a prestige conference centre down town

The easiest and the cheapest way is to have it at your faculty

When will it be held

set up a date of the conference

start the conference in the middle of the week (Wednesday or Thursday)and end it on Sunday.

the best time for a conference to be March, April or end of the September

PREPARATION

Invitation for applications

Send out the invitation as soon as possible, preferably 4 -5 months before the event

will take place.

This should give you enough time to prepare the about3 weeks prior to the start of the “show”

Information to put in your Invitation

what kind of a conference is going to take place;where; from when to when;

who can apply to participate;

who is the organizer;

deadline for applications

how many applicants from one organization; costs;

official application form;

address for all sorts of informatics

special requirements

Before the conference

Events involved in organizing a conference:

Invitation letters,

call for papers,

programs,

funding,

name tags, proper signs, the sound system, the lighting,

food, and the arrangement of someone to guide and answer questions, etc.

sponsors,

organizing committee,

paper submission (abstract submission deadline, acceptance notification, full paper submission), registration fee,

contact information and so on.

Invitation letters

Invitation letters should be elegantly made and usually include information concerning the conference host's name, the occasion,

name of the attendees, date (s), time and place. Use full names of both the conference host and the attendees, including titles if any.

At the end of the invitation, usually at the right corner, place these instructions: R. S. V. P.(please reply), or For Regrets Only (If one can not attend, please reply).

End the invitation with the host's telephone number,

address, and email address if a reply is expected from the invitee.

Note:

•format of invitation letter

•about 160-200 words

•within 30 minutes

•Informant included i the invitation letters

1. objective/ purpose/ aim of invitation

2. subject/ topics / topics of the international conference

3. significance of your international conference

4. Opening plenary speaker/ keynote speaker

5. information on time, place and your phone and address

6. including at least three session top

e.g.

Mr. Roger Moriarty-

Executive Director.

Children With Disabilities Foundation -

430 Smithson Drive, Suite 500.

Chicago, IL 32956.

Dear Mr. Moriarty:

The purpose of this letter is to formally invite you, on behalf of the Board of Directors, to be the Closing Keynote Speaker at the upcoming 2003 IDCRI Conference. .

The theme of this conference is "Disabling the

We expect attendance this year to be the highest ever; in the area of 2, 000 delegates and 150 speakers. This includes a large contingent from

our new European Chapter that is based in Geneva. You may have heard that Dr. Walton Evensong will be presenting a major paper on his Disability - Looking It Straight In the Eye".it will be held at the Mountain view Conference Faculty, in Montpelier, Vermont from November 3 to 5, 2003.

For your information, Susan Crutch low of Taming the Environment will be the opening latest research into "Genetic Re Engineering". We are already receiving inquiries from all over the world about Dr. Stevenson's presentation.

In closing, we would be pleased and honored if you would consent to be our closing speaker at the 2003 ICDRI Conference.

I will call you in a week or so to follow up on this. .

For your information, Susan Crutch low of Taming the Environment will be the opening Keynote Speaker. The provisional title of her presentation is "The Disabled Environment - Can We Help It?". We will forward a complete draft give you an idea of the specific subjects that will be covered by the other speakers.! speaker program to you in a couple of weeks to

Richard Bagnall.

Executive Director

International Disabled Children Research Institute.

Chapter3 Practical E-mail Writing

An effective email

--can save your time to follow up

--can give you more opportunities

1. What should we consider before writing an email?

2. What should we consider before hitting “send”?

Reader/Recipient-focused

Subject in Email Writing

Give a message a title / a subject

The subject should be the main content of the i Keep the short and clear. Short but specific hearing are needed.

E.g. Subject:

1. Order No.2348X

2. Delayed shipment

3. Laboratory equipment order

Tip1 Keep the subject short

A subject for email needs to grab the recipient's attention quickly.

Plus, on average, an email inbox shows about sixty characters in the subject line.

So it is better to keep them within thirty characters. The ideal number of words in the subject line ranges from six to nine.

e.g.“The Happy Place yoga meeting is on July 12.”

Tip 2 Avoid filler words

1)Words and phrases like "Hello, ” “Thank you, ” Nice to meet you' steal the valuable space in a subject line.

2)Don't waste it. Instead, give a hint into the content of your message.

Subject Example:

Don't say: “Hello Joe. Wanted to remind you about dinner with Mr. Shaw.’

Say: “Don't miss tomorrow's dinner with Mr. Shaw.”

Tip 3 Be specific about the email

topic

•Good email subject lines give recipients a clear idea of what the letter is about.

•If you make everything clear and to-the-point from the very beginning, people can prioritize your email importance even before reading the content.

Tip 4 Use logical search words

•To have better control over their electronic correspondence, many professionals use search filters.

•Thus, by including key or search words relevant to the topic of your email, you will help people find your mails faster and easier.

•For example: “Intuitive eating webinar — register today.”

5. Use logical search words to help recipients find your

6. Try power words and nationalization;

7. Don't write everything in CAPS;

8. Use helpful digital writing tools and proofread to polish your email subject.

emails easier;

Summary of Email Subject Writing

1.Don't leave the subject line field blank;

2. Keep it brief;

3. Put the most important information first;

4. Be specific and avoid using filler words like “hey, ”“nice to meet you, ”“thank you"

Cover letter writing

Writing a cover letter for journal submission

When you submit your article to a journal, you often need to include a cover letter.

This is a great opportunity to highlight to the journal editor what makes your research new and important. The cover letter should explain why your work is

perfect for their journal and why it will be of interest to the journal's readers

The structure of an email

--to:--subject:--salutation 敬称

--main body

--opening (purpose + context)：introduction

--details

--action

--complimentary close （信件）结尾表示敬意的客套语

--signature

-enclosure/attachment (if necessary)

Salutation (from the informal to formal)

-My Dear Helen; Helen

--Dear Mr. Smith; Dear Helen. Smith; Dear Pro

Smith

--Dear sir, Dear Madam, Dear sir or Madam; To

whom it may concern

Complimentary close (from the informal to formal)

--regards; with kindest regards, my best; give my best to.., all the best

-sincerely yours; yours sincerely; sincerely;

cordially yours; yours cordially; cordially

--very truly yours; yours truly

Key points to include

Editor's name (you can usually find this on the journal page on Taylor & Francis Online)

Your manuscript's title

Name of the journal you are submitting to

Statement that your paper has not been previously published and is not currently under consideration by another journal

Brief description of the research you are reporting in your paper, why it is important, and why you think the readers of the journal would be interested in it

Contact information for you and any co-authors

Confirmation that you have no competing interests to

Sample 1

Dear Dr. Defendi ML

I am sending a manuscript entitled “." by ...- which I should like to submit for possible publication in the journal of

Sample 2

Dear Dr. A:

Enclosed is a manuscript entitled ..” by Sb....,

which we are submitting for pub ligation in the journal of ...- . We have chosen this journal because it deals with ...- . We believe that sth.would be of interest to the journal's readers.

Yours truly

Li Ming

Sample 3

Dear Dr. A:

Please find enclosed for your review an original research article, “.” by Sb.... All authors have read and approve this version of the article, and due care has been taken to ensure the integrity of the work. No part of this paper has published or submitted elsewhere. No conflict of interest exits in the submission of this manuscript, and we have attached to this letter the signed letter granting us permission to use Figure 1 from another source.

We appreciate your consideration of our manuscript, and we look forward to receiving comments from the reviewers.

Sincerely

Li Ming

Inquiry letter / Enquiry letter 询问信

二、询问有无收到稿件

Dear Editors,

We dispatched our manuscript to your journal on 3

August 2006 but have not, as yet, received acknowledgement of their safe arrival. We fear that may have been lost and should be grateful if you would let us know whether or not you have received them. If not, we will send our manuscript again. Thank you in advance for your help.

Sincerely

Li Ming

三、询问论文审查回音

Dear Editors,

It is more than 12 weeks since I submitted our

manuscript (No:... ) for possible publication in your

journal. I have not yet received a reply and am

wondering whether you have reached a decision. I

should appreciate your letting me know what you have decided as soon as possible.

Sincerely

Li Ming

四、关于论文的总体审查意见

1. This is a carefully done study and the findings are of considerable interest. A few minor revision list below.

2. This is a well-written paper containing interesting results which merit publication. For the benefit of the reader, however, a number of points need clarifying and certain statements require further justification.Here are given below.

3. Although these observation are interesting, they are rather limited and do not advance our knowledge of the subject sufficiently to warrant publication in PNAS. We suggest that the authors try submitting their findings to specialist journal such as -

4.Although this paper is good, it would be better if some extra data were added.

五、给编辑的回信

1. In reply to the referee's main criticism of paper, it is possible to say that

One minor point raised by the referee concerns of the extra composition of the reaction mixture in Figure 1This has now been corrected, Further minor changes had been made on page 3 paragraph1(line 3-8)and 2(line 6-n).These do not affect our interpretation of the result.

2. I have read the referee's comments very carefully and conclude that the paper has been rejected on the sole grounds that it lacks toxicity data.

I admit that I did not include a toxicity table in my article although perhaps I should have done. This was for the sake of brevity rather than an error or omission.

3. Thank you for your letter of- and for the referee’s comments concerning our manuscript entitled “”. We have studied their comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with their approval.

4.I enclosed a revised manuscript which includes are port of additional experiments done at the referee’s suggestion. You will see that our original findings are confirmed

5.We are sending the revised manuscript according to the comments of the reviewers. Revised portion are underlined in red.

Principles of writing effective emails

“7Cs”, “1P”and “1L”

What should my cover letter include?

Information 1.completeness 2.concreteness 3.precision

4.logical organization ·Language 5.conciseness 6.courtesy ·

7.correctness 8.clearness/clarity 9.consideration

Response letter to editors and reviewers

Dear Editor-in-chief, Associate Editor and Anonymous Reviewers,

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to you for reviewing our manuscript and providing many helpful comments and suggestions. We appreciate the constructive criticisms of the Editor-in-Chief, the Associate Editor and the reviewers. Those comments are all valuable and very help fulfor revising and improving our paper, as well as important in guiding significance to our researches.

We have thoroughly revised the manuscript to address the issues raised by Associate Editor and the reviewers. .....

Revised: version 1

Dear Editor-in-chief, Associate Editor and Anonymous Reviewers,

We would like to express our sincere appreciation to you for reviewing our manuscript and providing many helpful comments and suggestions.

We have thoroughly revised the manuscript to address the issues raised by Associate Editor and the reviewers......

Revised: version 2

Dear Editor. Thanks for your attention and the referees comments on our manuscript (Full Paper, No.NANOEN-D-19-04384). According to the comments the manuscript has been revised. Our responses to the referees’ comments are listed below one by one, and the revised or added words are marked in the revised manuscript with blue color.

Revised: Letter of inquiry

Dear sir or madam.

I am writing to inquire an online payment problem. I had bought 1 ticket under the name of XXX with the reference number XxxX on 10th of June. The flight is PC2816 of 6thSeptember. After the payment, the webpage showed a failure in there servation, but my visa card (XXXXXXXX) under the name of XXX showed a successful transaction of euro 130.36 at 12:49, 10th of June, China time.(see the attached screenshot)So, please reply to my mail address above as soon as possible. You can inform me of the reservation details or refund my money back to my visa card. Thank you.

Letter of inquiry

Dear Sir or Madam

I am XXX and I am teaching English in the English department of Xian Jiaotong University. I’ writing to ask a favor of you. Your kind help would be greatly appreciated On January 12,I will attend the international conference on English Education. I have learned from the notice that I need to apply for the accommodation in advance........Would it be possible for you to offer the campus flat for me?....

Chapter4 Research paper introduction

Back ground

What a Research Paper Is

It synthesizes your discoveries about a topic and your judgment, interpretation and evaluation of those discoveries. It is a work that shows your originality.

What a Research Paper Is Not

A summary of an article or a book (or other source material).The ideas of others, repeated uncritically. A series of quotations, no matter how skillfully put together. Unsustantiated personal opinion Copying or accepting another person's work without acknowledging it, whether the work is published or unpublished, professional or amateur-it is plagiarism.

Can l publish this?

Have you done something new and interesting?

Have you provided solutions to any difficult problems?

Have you checked the latest results in the field?

Is the result interesting or useful for others in the field?

Do your findings tell a nice story or is the storyincomplete?

If all answers are “yes’, then start preparing your manuscript.

Strand of language:

Everyday language, abstract language and metaphoric language. Feature of Everyday language :

1.Sentence consisting of coordinate and subordinate clause( conj: and, if, no matter how)

2.Process oriented (control, do, run , be, get)3.colloquial vocabulary and phrases

Features of abstract language

1. sentence consisting of subordinate clause( if, when)

2. Things or concept oriented (the method of control, the weather condition)

3. Abstract:( this method of control) concrete (train) participants as clause subjects

4.formal vocabulary and phrases

What makes a good paper (Elservier)

1. Is an original contribution of knowledge?

2. Is of relevance to the readership of the journal?

3. Adds something to the field, rather than something readers already know?

4. Demonstrates a high level of familiarity with research on the particular topic?

5. Is well written and well organized?

6. Is within the word limit for articles submitted to the journal?

7. Does it follow the journal's more general submission requirements?

8. Has a clear purpose, an appropriate method andwell-structured arguments?

9. Is the contribution new(significant)?

10. Is it suitable for publication in the journal?

11. Is the organization acceptable?

12. Do the methods and the treatment of results conform to acceptable scientific standards?

13. Are all conclusions firmly based in the data presented?

14. Are all illustrations required? Are all the figures and tables necessary and figure legends and table titles adequate?

15. Do the title and abstract clearly indicate the content of the paper?

16. Are the references up to date, complete and the journal titles correctly abbreviated?

Features of Research Writing

Research writing in English, compared with other contexts and language, tends to :

1. Be more explicit about its structure and purpose

2. Use more citations to support arguments（引用来证明）

3. Focus on actions rather than actors（重点在actions)

4. Use fewer rhetorical questions than students tend to use in school essays （说法少用，劝说很少）

5. Be generally intolerant of digressions（废话少说，不要离题）

6. Be cautious in making claims（不要把话说的太满，否则会被质疑，常用：usually, typically, normally)

. Spell out steps in an argument and

connections between sentences very clearly(清晰表达观点，逻辑步骤清楚)

9. Use fairly short sentences with less complicated grammar （短小精悍的句子表述清晰的含义）

10. Have no longer paragraphs in terms of

number words

(S wales&Deal, 2000;Maryland)

Writing sequence VS. Paper section

•IMRaD:Title/ Abstract, Introduction, Method,

Discussion, Conclusion

•Writing sequence:

•Reading literature, reference materials

•Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion,

Introduction

•Notes: 先有target,再写文献综述，文献综述为研究服务，你的研究弥补gap, 通过文献引用做contribution.

Journal Guidelines

强调各学科不同，需分析各学刊的特点和要求。

E.g.

Title: Twisted Peristyle Divides with T unable Red ox Properties for Organic Sodium-Ion Batteries

1. Introduction,

2. Results and Discussion

3. Conclusions

4. Experimental Section (Method)

The Journal of Experimental Medicine(JEM)

Title: Specifically differentiated T cell subset

promotes tumor immunity over fatal immunity Structure:

1.Introduction

3.Discussion

4. Materials and Methods

Research Article Structure

Useful expressions:

1. It's very likely that ...because ..yield a total of(Discussion)

2. The aim of the work described ..was used to calculate.(Abstract and introduction)

3. There have been few long-term studies of..(Gap)

4. This may be explained by... (Discussion)

5. Analysis was carried out using... was highly correlated with... (Result)

Academic Writing: persuasive interactive process（具有说服力的互动过程)

•Academic writing is not simply a presentation of data and results, but a persuasive interaction.

•（考虑读者的反映）

•可以用although 陈述别人的观点，但是最终应该凸显自己的观点。用清晰的语言的表述胜过其他人的观点。数据本身无意义，只有persuasive 才有意义。通过要有确切的过程，persuasive的过程是通过expressive 来实现的

Academic writing

•Academic writing is not a dispassionate attempt to simply report facts, because research findings and facts may not be self-evident enough to ensure that readers gain the same understanding of what the writer intends to express and concur with the knowledge claim. (Jiang, 2017)

•Academic research may have multiple audience and be read by specialists, students, practitioners, lay people and interested members of the discipline, hardly homogeneous grouping( Maryland & Jiangsu 2016)

Driving Forces

•Question should be driving force

•Objectives

•Methods and ethical compliance

•Results and figures

•Notes: introduction : known field and unknown field

How to Write a Title / Topic of the Research Paper

How to Write a Topic

Topic: a reasonably narrow, clearly defined area of interest that could be thoroughly investigated within the limits set for a given research assignment.

•A good topic raises questions that have no simple answers.

•Specific topics make better papers than very broad or general ones.

•Look for significant points on which the experts disagree such as highly controversial issues and less well-known questions

Title

•The major purpose of the title

•to inform readers about the specific content

•of the work, ideally identifying

•both what was studied and how it was studied

Title

A good title should contain the fewest possible words

that adequately describe the contents of a paper

Do DON'T

Convey main findings of research Use unnecessary jargon

Be specific Use uncommon abbreviations

Be concise Use ambiguous terms

Be complete Use unnecessary detail

Attract readers content only Focus on part of the content only

Chapter 5 Outline and Thesis statement writing

What is a scientific paper?

A paper is an organized description of hypotheses, data and conclusions, intended to instruct the reader .

Papers are a central part of research.

If your research does not generate papers, it might just as well not have been done.

“Interesting and unpublished” is equivalent to “non-existent”

Realize that your objective in research is to formulate and test hypotheses, to draw conclusions from the setests, and to teach these conclusions to others.

Your objective is not to “collect data. ”

At the end, mostly outline.

工作结束时，应充分的总结。The continuous effort to understand, analyze, summarize, and reformulate hypotheses on paper will be immensely more efficient for you than a process in which you collect data and only start to organize them when their collection is “complete.”

The reason for outlines

Central place of an outline in writing papers, preparing seminars, and planning research for you, and for us, it is most efficient to write papers from outlines.

All the writing-papers, reports, proposals(and, of course, slides for seminars)- can do from outlines.

Definition of an Outline

An outline is a written plan of the organization of apaper, including the data on which it rests. You should, in fact, think of an outline as a carefully organized and presented set of data, with attendant objectives, hypotheses and conclusions, rather than an outline of text.

假说，按照目的，结论来精心组织数据

Thesis statement

a general statement that announces the major conclusions you reached through a thoughtful analysis of all your sources.

A thesis statement is a specific declaration that summarizes the point of view you will take in your paper.

Definition of Thesis Statement

Thesis statement is a sentence or sentences which summarize the main idea or ideas of your paper and expresses what it is you are going to say about your topic. Your statement identifies what topic will be discussed and the purpose of your paper

The rest of your paper presents information you have gathered, organized or developed to support your point of view, explanation or analysis of the topic.

Thesis Statement:

1. Cover exactly the topic you want to talk about, no more and no less

2. Let your readers know what to expect

3. Usually appears in your paper's introducetory paragraph

4. Help you better organize and develop the content of your paper

How do I develop a thesis statement

1. Re-state the assignment or topic.

2. Take a position on the issue

3. Briefly state your reasons why/how.

4. Revise: take out any wordiness or vague ideas, and make sure the thesis relates to the topic

Two Types of Thesis Statement

There are two general types of thesis statements

1. The “Point-of-View” thesis, which presents an argument or case to be made.

2. The “Scope" thesis, which simply outlines the scope of the paper.

1. The “Point-of-view” thesis

This type of thesis makes one main point which can also be described as the key insight you are explaining, the central argument you are putting forward, the case you are arguing, or the claim you are making. The purpose of your entire paper is to provide evidence and explanation that back up the thesis.

A “point-of-view” thesis should be

1) Suitable

2) Make sure your topic and thesis stem directly from the assignment instructions for the paper

3) Make sure it connects to key concepts you are learning in the course.

Specific/focused/limited:

The thesis needs to focus your paper on a specific piece, aspect, or side of a general topic.

Limiting the topic to one specific group of people, to one time period, to one geographical location, to one specific character, to only the problem or to only the solution.

Any number of these limiting factors can be combined to make the thesis specific.

Feasible

You need to have enough material to fully support the thesis you have chosen.

If you are not able to find enough research, or you don't have enough examples, reasons, expert opinions/quotations, facts, and explanations to fill up the size of the paper that you need to write, then you might have chosen the wrong topic.

At the same time, if you have too much material for the size of the paper you were assigned, you need to further limit your thesis so that the paper doesn't turn into a book.

Insightful

Have a point to make that is worth making.

Your main point or central idea should not be so obvious that most readers will already know what you are going to discuss or explain in the paper. Instructors do not want to read through points that are already common knowledge.

Significant

It needs to be about what the audience (instructor or maybe classmates) will take seriously or care about. If your audience can say “So what?” or “Why does that

matter to us? you might not have a significant case to make

2. The “Scope Thesis”

Students are expectorated to take a point of view. Instead, they are expected to answer a series of questions or give information about a topic.

For these types of assignments, the thesis simply states what the paper is about. Sometimes it may even include a short list of sub-topics included in the paper.

For example, “This paper explores the challenges faced by people with bipolar disorder and suggests strategies communities can take to assist them.”

Figure Characteristics of a strong and effective thesis statement

A good abstract:

ls precise and honest

Can stand alone

Seuss little to no technical jargon

ls brief and specific Cites no references

Chapter 6 Abstract writing and analysis

How to write an abstract

What is an abstract? Abstracts are formal summaries presenters prepare

for their completed work or work in progress.

Why is abstract so important?

For busy readers, the abstract, sometimes called the summary, may be the only part of the paper they read, unless it succeeds in convincing them to take the time to read the whole paper.

Abstracting may use the title plus the abstract and keywords for their searchable databases.

What should be included in an abstract?

How many sentences do you think an abstract should contain?

The quality of an abstract will strongly influence the editor's decision

Typical information elements

Some journals provide a list of questions or headings or authors to respond to in writing their abstracts, and others do not. All provide a maximum number of words that an abstract may contain (e.g. 250 for the Plant Journal and 350 for the Journal of Ecology, as of March 2008).

Moves of Abstracts

1. Some background information

2. The principal activity (or purpose) of the study and its scope

3. Some information about the methods used in the study

4. The most important results of the study

5. A statement of conclusion or recommendation

Format of Abstract

Move 1: Introducing purposes:

indicating the purpose of this research

gaps or problems to be tackled

Move 2: showing methodology :

showing the scope of research

showing the previous relevant literature

Move 3: describing results

showing or summarizing the most important findings in the research

suggesting solutions to the problems

Move 4: drawing conclusions

pointing out the significance of the research giving suggestions for doing further research

Linguistic features of an abstract:

the use of past tense, third person, passive, and the non-use of negative;

Key issues in preparing Abstracts

Concise, accurate statement of the main idea

Organization of sub-points

Use of details

Keywords:

The repetition of key terms and concepts in the abstract and title is commonplace.

Because both the title and abstract are often used for computer searches, it is important that key terms be included in both

Verb tenses:

Verb tenses in the abstract are consistent with conventions used in other sections of the journal article.

Past tense is used to refer to work completed in the past and to describe results:

e.g.

A number of cigarettes were tested.

All cigarette types tested showed the presence of

Present tense

is used to make statements of fact, to identify information reported in the paper,

and to state beliefs or interpretations expected to be true over time: Present tense (e.g.)

Thorazine 一种除草剂 is a commonly used herbicide. Protectiveness Sticker 降解反应reactions are reported

Present perfect

Present perfect can be used to summarize the work of others, demonstrate a gap, introduce one's own work, and/or report principal findings:

E.g.

avoids abbreviation, jargon, symbols;

avoid repetition, meaningless expressions, adjectives, illustrations, preliminaries,

descriptive details, examples, footnotes.

Chapter 7 Introduction writing

Attract the reader's attention by

1. define key terms

2. present significant facts or figures

3. referring to or quoting from major work

4. providing questions related to the topic

5. identifying the focus of the paper

6. stating the thesis of the paper

General Understanding of Introduction

The first formal section of the journal article. The Introduction is often the first section to be read (by readers)but the last section to be written (by writers).

This is because the Introduction must tell readers “ where the article is going and why”，a mission that is most easily accomplished after the rest of the sections have been completed.

The Introduction, as its name implies, sets the stage for the rest of the journal article by introducing the research area, describing its importance, and hinting at what new knowledge and insights the authors have gained.

The Introduction is also where authors summarize others’ works.

The introduction to are search paper can be the most challenging part of the paper to write. Introductions are generally half a page in length though they can run longer if the topic requires additional information.

Purposes of the Introduction

are also more general than other sections of the paper.

To introduce the area of research

To explain the importance of the research are

To highlight relevant, precedent works

To justify the need for the current work

To introduce the current work

The Introduction begins with the most general information (the research area) and gradually shifts toa more specific focus (the current work), preparing the reader for the highly specific focus of the Methods section.

This transition from general to specific is apparent in the now-familiar hourglass shape of the journal article.

Move Structure

The first move, with three sub moves, has the broad purpose of describing the general research area.

Submove 1.1 identifies the research topic

Submove 1.2 stresses its importance.

Together, these two submoves are frequently

Accomplished in the first few sentences of the paper. Note that only the general topic is mentioned at this point.

Authors summarize essential works in the field and the current work in its appropriate context.

Notes:

Opening Sentence: The first sentence in the Introduction section should convey the general topic of the paper(i.e., the research area), not the specific work to be reported.

Example

Move 1: Introduce the Research Area

E.g.1. Chromium is a metal widely distributed in soiland plants.(From Plaper et al., 2002)

E.g.2. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group ofpollutants widely distributed in the environment dueto their generous use in the past,their lipophiliccharacter, and their chemical stability. (FromLlompartet al., 2001)

Move 2: Identify a Gap

After the importance of a research area has been identified and the relevant background information has been summarized.

The Introduction section shifts from a focus on what has been done (or learned) to an emphasis on what remains to be done(or learned).

This change in emphasis is signaled with a gap statement.

The gap statement points out what is lacking in the field and, in so doing, infers the next step that needs to be taken.

The second move (Move 2)

in the Introduction section (Identify a Gap) shifts the reader's attention from what has been done(or learned or understood) to what still needs to be done(or learned or understood).

The essence of this move is captured in the sentence “Although much is known about X, little is known about Y”

Move 3

This move typically comprises a short paragraph at the end of the Introduction and begins with a phrase like “In this paper, we...

At last, the authors can refer to the current work, and many use the personal pronoun we to accomplish this task.

The authors give a short description of the curren twork(typically a few sentences), highlighting how the work fills the identified gap(submove 3.1).

The authors can elect to preview their principal findings(submove 3.2).

If the authors do the latter, care must be taken

not to repeat sentences verbatim逐字逐句 that appear else where in the paper.

After the gap has been established, the last move of the Introduction section is to fill the gap. The authors must show how the current work takes at least a small step forward toward addressing the specified need, problem, or lack of knowledge in the field. The start of the third move is commonly signaled with “In this a new paragraph and a phrase such as paper," or “In this work, we ...

Following this phrase, the authors go on, typically in a sentence or two, to tell the readers about the current Work.

e.g.

Figure Move structure for a typical Introduction section

End of Introduction Writing

Evaluate your writing; Read your introduction, and then read your conclusion, Make sure there is a fluid transition between them.

Consider drafting your introduction after you have already completed the rest of your research paper. Writing introductions last can help ensure that you don't leave out any major points.

Use your research papers' outline to help you decidewhat information to include when writing an introduction.

Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society

1. X is a fundamental property of..

2. X is fast becoming a key instrument in...

3. X is a common disorder characterized by ...

4. X plays an important role in the maintenance of...

5. X is increasingly recognized as a serious, worldwide public health concern.

6. In the new global economy, X has become central issue for...

7. Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and...

考试要求

Directions:

For this part, you are required to write a literature review or an Introduction of your research paper basedon your journal article reviews. Your writing should beat least 5oo words and no more than 800 words (exclusive of

Requirements:

At least 3-5 journal articles must be cited in the text and included in the references.

2.Citations and references must follow journal format.

Standard for Introduction论文题目(不需摘要)/title/Intreduction/Literature

Review至少三个语步:At least3 Moves

1.相关前沿研究(background)，空自点(gap)以及研究目的、意义(研究的创新性或者研究不同于以往的方法、思路、结果、结论等)

2.语育逻辑和语言表达基本正确:

3.符合学术规范。

Literature Review论文题目(不需摘要)

1.围绕研究论题展开的总结和组织结构。

2.需要逻辑层次清楚(相关文献的罗列与叙述必须糅合在一起);语言表达规范。

3.符合学术规范。