1. Background and Importance
Policy Challenges
Gap between policy and practice (common in developing countries).
Poor governance causing health, environmental, and economic impacts.
Urbanization and Waste Growth
Industrial transformation leading to rapid urban population growth.
Significant increase in solid waste generation (prompting the 2007
2. Multi-Stakeholder Governance Framework
Theoretical Tools
Nested Institutional Arrangements
Private Sector
Challenges
Some states (e.g., Penang, Selangor) rejected federal privatization policies.
Local Communities
Regional Implementation Committee (RIC) & Service Level Committee (SLC)
Address operational challenges in policy execution.
NGOs and Residential Committees
Promote waste segregation and recycling awareness.
Public Sector
Local Governments
155 local authorities nationwide (12 city councils, 39 municipalities, etc.).
Key Agencies
Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Corporation
National Solid Waste Management Department
4. Sustainable Solid Waste Management Strategies
Multi-Stakeholder Synergy
Public sector (policy design), private sector (technical solutions), communities (implementation support).
Core Concepts
Zero Waste & Minimization
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Future Research Directions
Incentives for stakeholder commitment.
Flexible implementation frameworks for diverse regions.
Key Success Factors
Participation and collaboration among stakeholders.
Policy transparency and localized adaptation.