2017年12月英语六级阅读练习：段落匹配题（二）思维导图

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2023-03-17

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2017年12月英语六级阅读练习：段落匹配题（二）

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思维导图大纲

quakesthatoccurinhighlypopulatedareasthatgetourattention.

E)Earthquakeshavecausedagreatdealofpropertydamageovertheyears,andtheyhaveclaimedmanylives.Inthelasthundredyearsalone,therehavebeenmorethan1.5millionearthquake-relatedfatalities.Usually,it’snottheshakinggrounditselfthatclaimslives;it’stheassociateddestructionofman-madestructuresandothernaturaldisastersitcauses,suchastsunamis,avalanches(雪崩)andlandslides.

F)Thebiggestscientificbreakthroughinthehistoryofseismology—thestudyofearthquakes—cameinthemiddleofthe20thcentury,withthedevelopmentofthetheoryofplatetectonics(筑造学).Scientistsproposedtheideaofplatetectonicstoexplainanumberofpeculiarphenomenaonearth,suchastheapparentmovementofcontinentsovertime,theclusteringofvolcanicactivityincertainareasandthepresenceofhugeridgesatthebottomoftheocean.

G)Thebasictheoryisthatthesurfacelayeroftheearth—thelithosphere—iscomprisedofmanyplatesthatslideoverthelubricating(润滑的)asthenospherelayer.Attheboundariesbetweenthesehugeplatesofsoilandrock,threedifferentthingscanhappen.

H)Platescanmoveapart.Iftwoplatesaremovingapartfromeachother,hot,moltenrockflowsupfromthelayersofmantlebelowthelithosphere.Thismagma(岩浆)comesoutonthesurface(mostlyatthebottomoftheocean),whereitiscalledlava(熔岩).Asthelavacools,ithardenstoformnewlithospherematerial,fillinginthegap.Thisiscalledadivergentplateboundary.

I)Platescanpushtogether.Ifthetwoplatesaremovingtowardeachother,oneplatetypicallypushesundertheotherone.Thisplatebelowsinksintothelowermantlelayers,whereitmelts.Atsomeboundarieswheretwoplatesmeet,neitherplateisinapositiontopushundertheother,sotheybothpushagainsteachothertoformmountains.Thelineswhereplatespushtowardeachotherarecalledconvergentplateboundaries.

J)Platesslideagainsteachother.Atotherboundaries,platessimplyslidebyeachother—onemovesnorthandonemovessouth,forexample.Whiletheplatesdon’tdriftdirectlyintoeachotheratthesetransformboundaries,theyarepushedtightlytogether.Agreatdealoftensionbuildsattheboundary.

K)Weunderstandearthquakesalotbetterthanwedideven50yearsago,butwestillcan’tdomuchaboutthem.Theyarecausedbyfundamental,powerfulgeologicalprocessesthatarefarbeyondourcontrol.Theseprocessesarealsofairlyunpredictable,soit’snotpossibleatthistimetotellpeopleexactlywhenanearthquakeisgoingtooccur.Thefirstdetectedearthquakewaveswilltellusthatmorepowerfulvibrationsareontheirway,butthisonlygivesusafewminutes’warning,atmost.

L)Sowhatcanwedoaboutearthquakes?Themajoradvancesoverthepast50yearshavebeeninpreparedness,particularlyinthefieldofconstructionengineering.In1973,theUniformBuildingCode,aninternationalsetofstandardsforbuildingconstruction,7added7specifications7to7strengthen7buildings7against7the7force7of7earthquake7waves.7This7includes7strengthening7support7material7as7well7as7designingbuildingssotheyareflexibleenoughtoabsorbvibrationswithoutfallingordeteriorating.It’sveryimportanttodesignstructuresthatcanundergothissortofattack,particularlyinearthquake-proneareas.

M)Anothercomponentofpreparednessiseducatingthepublic.TheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey(USGS)andothergovernmentagencieshaveproducedseveralbrochuresexplainingtheprocessesinvolvedinanearthquakeandgivinginstructionsonhowtoprepareyourhouseforapossibleearthquake,aswellaswhattodowhenaquakehits.

N)Inthefuture,improvementsinpredictionandpreparednessshouldfurtherminimizethelossoflifeandpropertyassociatedwithearthquakes.Butitwillbealongtime,ifever,beforewe’llbereadyforeverysubstantialearthquakethatmightoccur.Justlikesevereweatheranddisease,earthquakesareanunavoidableforcegeneratedbythepowerfulnaturalprocessesthatshapeourplanet.Allwecandoisincreaseourunderstandingofthephenomenonanddevelopbetterwaystodealwithit.

1.Earthquake-relatedfatalitiesareusuallycausedbybuildings，collapseandotherensuingnaturaldisasters,notbytheshakinggrounditself.

2.Besidesmovementsoftheearth’splates,otherforcessuchasvolcaniceruptions,meteorimpactsandsoon,canalsocauseearthquakes.

3.Earthquakesactuallyoccureveryday;mostofthemarenotbigenoughtogetourattention.

4.Peoplegenerallythinkthegroundbeneaththeirfeetiscompletelystable,butearthquakesshatterthatideainnotime.

5.Wecannotpreventearthquakesbutwecanactivelyfindbetterwaystofacethem.

6.Earthquakesarehardlypredictable,andpeoplecannotbetoldwhenanearthquakeisgoingtooccur.

7.Scientistshavefoundoutforcesthatcauseearthquakesthroughyearsofefforts.

8.Architectsnowhavedesignedflexiblebuildingstominimizethedamagesofearthquakes.

9.Scientistsusethetheoryofplatetectonicstoexplaintheapparentmovementofcontinentsovertime.

10.Theconvergentplateboundariesrefertothelineswhereplatespushtowardeachother.

文章精要

地震危害巨大，了解地震对减少其带来的损失有着重要意义。本文讲解了引发地震的因素、与地震有关的地壳板块运动和地震的危害，并指出尽管人类还无法准确预测地震，但一些必要的防御措施能够减少地震带来的损失。

答案解析

1.E本题是对E段最后一句话的同义转述。定位关键词是Earthquake-relatedfatalities.原文用it‘snot……thatclaimslives;it’s……结构指出“通常不是地壳晃动引起的死亡，而是伴随而来的房屋倒塌或其他自然灾害导致的死亡”，题目用……becausedby……notby……结构表达了同样的意思。

2.C本题是对C段最后两句的归纳，题目将两句话的含义概括为一句话。定位关键词是movementsoftheearth$splates，volcaniceruptions，meteorimpacts.

3.D本题是对D段的总结。定位关键词是getourattention.D段首句就提到每天都会发生地震，最后一句提到只有大地震才能引起人们的注意，本题就是对这两句话的概括。

4.A本题是对A段最后两句的同义转述。定位关键词是shatter.题目中的thegroundbeneaththeirfeet同义转述了原文中的thegroundwestandon.

5.N本题是对N段最后两句的概括。定位关键词是betterways.文章最后一句提到，我们能做的就是增加我们对地震的认识，寻找更好的方法来应对它，与题干表达一致。

6.K本题是对K段第三句的同义转述。定位关键词是hardlypredictable.原文提到：虽然我们对地震有了更深的了解，但地震仍然不受我们的控制，地震是无法预测的，人们不可能得知地震什么时候会发生，表达与题干一致。

7.B本题是对B段第三、四句的同义转述。定位关键词是causeearthquakes.题目中的foundout同义转述了原文中的identified.

8.L本题是对L段最后两句的概括。定位关键词是designed.原文提到：过去50年我们在应对地震方面取得了进步，尤其是在建筑工程领域。我们用特殊材料加固房屋以应对地震的破坏，我们设计足够灵活的房屋，确保地震不会导致房屋倒塌，这与题干表达的完全一致。

9.F本题是F段中举例的一部分。定位关键词是thetheoryofplatetectonics.原文提到科学家用theideaofplatetectonics解释很多现象，其中之一就是theapparentmovementofcontinentsovertime.

10.I本题是对I段最后一句的同义转述。定位关键词是convergentplateboundaries.题干中的referto与原文中的arecalled属于同义转述。

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