Sense Relations思维脑图思维导图
U853034818
2023-12-14
语义关系
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Polysemy
Definition
common feature peculiar to all natural languages.
when a word is first coined, it is always monosemous.
Two Approaches to Polysemy
Diachronic Approach
Definition
the result of growth and development of the semantic structure.
Example
face
the front of the head
a surface of a thing
the expression of the countenance
the topography,etc .
Synchronic Approach
Definition
viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time.
Example
gay
joyous and lively,merry,happy
bright,brilliant
given to social life and pleasure
wanton,licentious
homosexual
Two Processes of Development
Radiation
Definition
primary meaning at the center, secondary meanings proceed out of it like rays.
Example
face
Concatenation
Definition
linking together,a word moves gradually away from its first signification by successive shifts
Example
treacle
wild beast
remedy for bites of venomous beasts
antidote for poison or remedy for poison
any effective remedy
molasses
Homonymy
Definition
Words different in meaning
either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling
Types of homonyms
Perfect Homonyms
identical both in sound and spelling
Homographs
identical only in spelling,different in sound and meaning
Homophones
identical only in sound,different in spelling and meaning
Origins of homonyms
Change in Sound and Spelling
Is the main origin of homonyms
Example
ear—an organ with which to listen and hear,from eare (OE)
Borrowing
Example
fair—a market,borrowed from feria (L)
Shorting
Example
ad—shortened from advertisement
Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants
Perfect homonyms
Have different sources
meaning not related
Polysemy
Have the same sources
meanings are related
Rhetoric features of homonyms
Definition
often to create puns for desired effect of,say,humour,sarcasm or ridicule.
Example
On Sunday they prey for you and on Monday they prey on you.
Synonymy
Definition of synonyms
Words have the same essential meaning
synonyms share a likeness in denotation as well as part of speech
Types of synonyms
Absolute Synonyms
Definition
also known as complete synonyms
identical in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning in all aspects
Relative Synonyms
Definition
also called near-synonyms
similar or nearly the same in denomination
Embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality
Example
change-alter-vary
stagger-reel-totter
large-huge-tremendous-colossal
Sources of synonyms
Borrowing
is the most important sources of synonyms ,mingling of Latin,French and native elements
Example
Native words :room;help
Foreign Words :chamber;aid
Dialects and Regional English
Examples
railway (BrE)—railroad (AmE)
mother (BrE)—minny (Scot)
charm (BrE)—glamour (Scot)
Figurative and Euphemistic Use of Words
Examples
dreamer—star-gazer (fig)
drunk—elevated (euph)
lie—distort the fact (euph)
Single Words Coinciding with Idiomatic Expressions
Examples
win—gain the upper hand
decide—make up one’s mind
finish—get through
Discrimination of synonyms
no difference between absolute synonyms
relatives synonyms differ in one way or another
Different in Denotation
Denotation refers to the conceptual meaning of the words.
mainly different in ranges and intensity of meaning
Examples
extend-increase-expand
rich-wealthy
work-toil
Different in Connotation
Stylistic meaning
the French are more formal than the native
the Latin are more formal than the French
Emotive meaning
Examples
result—neither appreciative nor derogatory
consequence—has a negative meaning
Different in Aplication
mainly different in collocations or distribution in sentences
Examples
allow-let
allow sb to do sth
let sb do sth
answer-reply
answer the letter
reply to the letter
Antonymy
Definition
deals with semantic opposition
words which are opposite in essential meaning called antonyms
Types of antonyms
Complementaries
Definition
also called binary antonyms ,binary taxonomy,contradictory terms
antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning
Characteristics
be mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between each other
Exampless
dead-alive
perfect-imperfect
present-absent
are non-gradable
Examples
If someone is single ,there is no middle ground as*He/She is very single,or more single,or extremely single.
Contraries
Definition
also called gradable antonyms,gradable opposites
like a scale running between two poles or extremes
Characteristics
are gradbale
Examples
rich-very rich-richer
big-very big-bigger-biggest
semantic polarity
Examples
big-small,medium sized
Converses
Definition
consist of relational opposites
Indicate reciprocal relations
indicate social relation
Examples
husband-wife
employer-employee
parent-child
Indicate spatial relation
Examples
here-there
sell-buy
give-receive
Characteristics
mterdependent to each other,one member always presupposing the other
Some of the characteristics of antonyms
adjective has the largest number of antonyms,next come verbs,least antonyms are nouns
Have more synonyms than antonyms
many words have synonyms,do not find antonyms:read,house,book,power
words can have more than one antonym
Examples
fast(firm/secure)-loose
fast (quick)-slow
fast (pleasure-seeking/wild)—sober
differ in semantic inclusion
pairs of antonyms are seen as
marked
more specific
unmarked
include the marked
differ in degree of intensity
each has its own corresponding opposite
Examples
warm-cool;hot-cold
some words have two types of antonyms
Examples
happy-unhappy-sad
The use of antonyms
use to defining meanings of words
Examples
fresh bread;fresh air;fresh flowers
useful to express economically the opposite of a particular thought,often for the sake of contrast
Examples
rain or shine
now or never
weal and woe
use to form antithesis by putting contrasting ideas together
Examples
Easy come,easy go.
More haste,less speed.
Hyponymy
Definition
as the lexical of oppositeness between words is the relation of inclusion
Divide into
superordinate(hyper my)
subordinate(hyponym)
is a relationship which creates taxonomies or tree-like configurations
higher-order superoedinates above the lower subordinates
Example
living things-creature/plant
Use
useful in both receptive and productive processing of language
is an important key in reading comprehension,cohesion.
semantic field
Definition
refers to semantically related sets of words.
Trier’s opinion
field as ‘living realities intermediate between individual words and the totality of the vocabulary’
the whole vocabulary can be divided into fields
Words in the fields
are interdependent and define one another
the neighboring words identify the semantic field and help pin down the meaning
When a word was created 思维导图模板大纲
Primary meaning
derived meaning
A word have different meanings 思维导图模板大纲
central meaning
secondary meanings
Conclusion 思维导图模板大纲
each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning
Conclusion 思维导图模板大纲
each of the later meaning is related to the preceding one like chains,there is no direct connection in between
Conclusion 思维导图模板大纲
Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common
Conclusion 思维导图模板大纲
Have a fewer number
restricted to highly specialized vocabulary
Example
caecitis-typhlitis
composition-compounding
word-building—word-formation
Examples 思维导图模板大纲
begin-commence
answer-respond
storm-tempest
Examples 思维导图模板大纲
man-woman
dog-bitch
Examples 思维导图模板大纲
flower-lion/elephant
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