儿童:<10 ml·kg-1·d-1 或<4 次/d
儿童:10~19.9 ml·kg-1·d-1 或4~6 次/d
成人:1 000~1 500 ml/d 或5~7 次/d儿童:20~30 ml·kg-1·d-1 或7~10 次/d
儿童:>30 ml·kg-1·d-1 或>10 次/d
全身红斑(>50%)伴水疱形成或表皮剥脱(>5%)
注:整体临床分级(基于最严重的靶器官受累):0 度:无任何器官1~4 级;Ⅰ度:1~2 级皮肤,无肝脏、上消化道或下消化道受累;Ⅱ度:3 级皮疹和(或)1 级肝脏和(或)1 级上消化道和(或)1 级下消化道;Ⅲ度:2~3 级肝脏和(或)2~3 级下消化道,0-3 级皮肤和(或)0~1 级上消化道;
Ⅳ度:4 级皮肤、肝脏或下消化道受累,0~1 级上消化道受累。儿童:≤14 岁
<a id="五、疗效评估标准及糖皮质激素耐药急性GVHD的定义"></a>趋势(表2)[6,36],此外还有IBMTR 分级系统[37-38]。
急性GVHD 开始治疗后每天评估疗效,及时识别糖皮质激素无效的患者。
疗效评估通过各个靶器官的急性GVHD 分级和整体分度与初始急性GVHD 情况的比较获得。完全缓解(CR)指所有受累器官的急性GVHD 表现完全消失;部分缓解(PR)指所有初始受累器官的急性GVHD 改善(至少降低一个级别)但未达到CR,无其他任何靶器官急性 GVHD 恶化;无反应
(NR)指任何器官的急性GVHD 严重程度无改善也<a id="六、急性GVHD的治疗"></a>没有恶化或患者死亡;进展(PD)指至少 1 个靶器官的急性GVHD 加重(至少增加1 个级别),伴或不伴其他器官急性GVHD 的改善。PD 和NR 为治疗无效[4-6,38]。
《 Thomas' Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Stem Cell Transplantation》(第5 版)将一线治疗 3 d 评估为PD、7 d 评估为NR 或14 d 未达CR 的情况定义为糖皮质激素耐药[30]。在2018 年欧洲骨髓移植学会- NIH- 国际骨髓移植研究中心(EBMT- NIH- CIBMTR)的标准命名中,急性GVHD 疗效评估时, 将一线糖皮质激素开始治疗后3~5 d 内疗效评估为PD 或治疗5~7 d 内疗效评估为NR 或包括糖皮质激素在内的免疫抑制剂治疗28 d 未达CR 定义为糖皮质激素耐药。此外,将一线治疗糖皮质激素不能减量或减量过程中急性GVHD 再激活定义为糖皮质激素依赖。糖皮质激素耐药和糖皮质激素依赖统称为糖皮质激素治疗失败[5-6]。
原则上Ⅰ度急性GVHD 可以密切观察和局部治疗,Ⅱ度及以上急性GVHD 诊断后应立即开始一线治疗,但在非血缘供者移植和haplo-HSCT 中早期发生的急性GVHD 往往进展较快,也应立即开始一线治疗。
一线治疗药物为糖皮质激素,最常用甲泼尼龙,推荐起始剂量1 mg·kg-1·d-1 或2 mg·kg-1·d-(1 分 2 次静脉注射),同时将 CsA 谷浓度调整至 150~
250 μg/L 并及时评估糖皮质激素疗效[4,40-41]。
若疗效评估为有效,急性GVHD 达CR 后缓慢减少糖皮质激素用量,成年患者一般每5~7 d 减量
甲泼尼龙10~20 mg/d(或等效剂量其他类型糖皮质激素),4 周减至初始量的10%。儿童患者参照成人按比例缓慢减量。若判断为糖皮质激素耐药,需加用二线药物,并减停糖皮质激素;如判断为糖皮质激素依赖,二线药物起效后减停糖皮质激素。
原则上在维持CsA 有效浓度基础上加用二线药物,并及时评估疗效,当一种二线药物无效后再换用另一种二线药物。国际上尚无统一的二线药物选择流程,一般遵循各自中心的用药原则。鼓励患者参加临床试验。
抗白细胞介素2 受体抗体(IL-2RA)单抗(巴利昔单抗):是迄今国内最多选用的急性GVHD 二线药物。巴利昔单抗对成人糖皮质激素耐药急性GVHD 患者的总有效率达 78.7% ~86.8% ,CR 率达 60.9% ~69.8% ;对儿童 haplo-HSCT 后糖皮质激素耐药急性GVHD 的总有效率达85%,CR 率为 74%[42- 44]。巴利昔单抗推荐用法:成人及体重≥ 35 kg 儿童每次 20 mg 、体 重< 35 kg 儿童每次10 mg,+1、+3、+8 d 各给药1 次,以后每周1 次,使用次数根据病情而定。
MTX:是由中国医师最先用于急性GVHD 治疗的药物。黄晓军团队应用MTX 联合低剂量甲泼尼龙(0.5 mg·kg-1·d-1)一线治疗急性GVHD,总有效率达81%,皮肤、胃肠道和肝脏急性GVHD 的有效率分别为88%、75%、81%[45]。MTX 二线治疗急性 GVHD 也取得很好疗效,治疗急性GVHD 的有效率为94%,治疗DLI 后GVHD 的有效率为100%,对于皮肤、胃肠道、肝脏GVHD 的有效率分别为100%、60%、71%[46]。推荐 MTX 用法:成人每次 10 mg,
+1、+3、+8 d 各给药1 次,以后每周1 次,静脉或口服给药。儿童患者酌减。MTX 的主要不良反应为血液毒性和口腔溃疡,适用于血象良好且没有口腔溃疡的患者。
芦可替尼(Ruxolitinib):刚被美国FDA 批准用于糖皮质激素耐药急性GVHD 的治疗[47-48]。推荐用法:成人初始剂量为10 mg/d(分2 次口服),3 d 后若血液学参数稳定且未发生治疗相关不良反应可调整剂量至20 mg/d。体重≥25 kg 的儿童患者,初始剂量为10 mg/d(分2 次口服);体重<25 kg 的儿童患者,初始剂量为5 mg/d(分2 次口服)。主要不良反应是血液学毒性和增加感染风险(尤其是病毒感染)。芦可替尼国内应用经验有限,相关临床试验正在进行中。
其他:可供选择的二线药物还有非吸收的糖皮 质 激 素 、 霉 酚 酸 (MPA) 类 药 物 、 益 赛 普
(Etanercept)、他 克莫 司(Tacrolimus)、西 罗莫司
<a id="七、受累器官的局部管理和患者的整体管理"></a>(Sirolimus)等[4]。
ATG、间充质干细胞(MSC)、粪菌移植等也有应用。此外,维多珠单抗(Vedolizumab)、托珠单抗
(Tocilizumab)、英夫利昔单抗(Infliximab)、本妥昔单抗(Brentuximab)、抗CCR5 单抗等均有进一步研究的潜力。
皮肤受累的急性GVHD:加强局部护理,保持清洁,局部应用皮肤保护剂,减少渗出。
胃肠道受累的急性GVHD:应重视胃肠道休<a id="八、总结"></a>息、减少或停止经口摄入、部分或全部胃肠外营养补充热量,重视水电酸碱平衡,当不能除外肠道感染时给与经验性抗生素进行肠道除菌,不建议积极使用收敛剂对症处理,以免导致诊断评估的延误。便血患者加强输血支持。
肝脏受累的急性GVHD:慎用影响肝脏的药物,可以应用熊去氧胆酸。
发生急性GVHD 时,除了皮肤或黏膜屏障功能受损,免疫功能也受抑制,易于发生各种严重感染, 所以治疗急性GVHD 过程中注意感染的监测和预防,如预防疱疹病毒感染、真菌感染,常规监测巨细胞病毒、EB 病毒等。
总之,在过去的十年中,尽管急性GVHD 的防治获得了较大进展(尤其是 haplo-HSCT),但急性 GVHD 仍然是allo-HSCT 最常见的合并症和死亡原因之一,规范并优化急性GVHD 防治对提高移植的成功率十分重要,期望未来可以实现预防和治疗GVHD 方案的个体精准化。本共识将根据相关研究进展和临床实践而不断更新。
参与共识制定和讨论的专家(以专家所在单位的首字母排序, 同一单位多个专家按照姓氏首字母排序):安徽省立医院(孙自敏); 北京大学第一医院(任汉云);北京大学人民医院、北京大学血液病研究所(黄晓军、许兰平、张晓辉);福建医科大学附属协和医院(胡建达);广西医科大学附属第一医院(赖永榕);河南省肿瘤医院(宋永平);华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院(夏凌辉);解放军总医院第一医学中心(刘代红);解放军总医院第五医学中心(胡亮
钉);陆军军医大学附属第二医院(张曦);南方医科大学南方医院
(刘启发);山东大学齐鲁医院(侯明);上海交通大学医学院附属上海儿童医学中心(陈静);上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院(胡炯);苏州大学附属第一医院(唐晓文、吴德沛);新疆医科大学附属第一医院(江明);徐州医科大学附属医院(徐开林);浙江大学医学院附属第一医院(黄河);中国医学科学院血液病医院(韩明哲)
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