政府与民众思维脑图思维导图

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2024-06-03

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政府议会

立法机构

政府机构

议会，立法机构，司法机构等内容讲解

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Parliamentary

The United Kingdom

a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy

a government elected by the people.

The British Constitution

statutory law

A law passed by parliament

如《大宪章》（1215），《权利法案》（1689）

common law

A legal system derived from convention or legal precedent

Interpretation by a judge in a court case

conventions

Rules and practices that are not legally enforceable but are considered essential to the work of government

The British Constitution is often described as "unwritten"

Much of the British Constitution is written, but not systematically codified into a single document

Constitutional amendment procedure

Through normal parliamentary procedures

The flexibility of the British Constitution helps explain why it has developed so well over the years

Overall characteristics of British management

Power is divided among the legislature, the executive and the judiciary

Prime Minister, leader of the government and leader of the majority party in Parliament

To advise the monarch on the question of candidates for the Supreme Court

TheLegislature

Parliament

TheMonarchy

Symbolicandceremonialrole

Consenttolaws,headofstate

TheHouseofLords

Consistsoflifepeers,bishops,andhereditarypeers

Legislativefunction:examiningandamendingbills

SupremeCourtofAppeal

TheHouseofCommons

Centerofparliamentaryhearings

650MPsrepresentingconstituencies

Dominantinlegislation,especiallyonfinancialmatters

Scrutinizesgovernment,influencespolicy

TheExecutive

ThePrimeMinisterandCabinet

Leaderoftheparliamentarymajority

Formsgovernmentafterelections

CabinetmemberschosenbyPM,responsibleforpolicyimplementation

Collectiveandindividualministerialresponsibility

ThePrivyCouncil

Ceremonialbody,mostlymadeupofministers,politicians,andpublicfigures

TheJudiciary

Complexstructureperregion(England/Wales,Scotland,NorthernIreland)

Differentcourtsforcriminalandcivilcases

Presumptionofinnocence,publictrials

Jurytrialsforseriouscases

PoliticalParties

ConservativeParty

Historicallydominant

Supportedbylandowners,businesspeople,somewealthyworkingclass

Right-wing,pro-freeenterprise,privatization,limitedgovernmentintervention

LabourParty

Mainoppositionparty

Representsworking-classinterests

Supportsnationalization,socialwelfare,tradeunions

LiberalDemocrats

Thirdmajorparty

IdeologybetweenConservativeandLabour

Focusonindividualfreedom,socialliberalism

Elections

Frequentchangesinrulingpartysince1945

Two-partysystemwithgovernmentandoppositionroles

TheCommonwealth

Origin

SuccessortotheBritishEmpire

Memberstatesgainedindependencepost-WWII

CharacteristicsandFunctions

Voluntaryassociationofindependentstates

RecognizesBritishmonarchassymbolichead

Promotesdemocracy,humanrights,andcooperation

Members

54countries,diversepopulations

White,non-white,andmixedterritories

Organizations

CommonwealthSecretariat,Foundation,andLearning

CommonwealthDay

AnnualcelebrationofCommonwealthties

Promotesglobalunderstandingandcooperation

CHOGM,MinisterialConferences,andotherevents

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