2017年12月英语四级语法常考考点之不定式思维导图

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2023-03-15

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2017年12

　　1.不定式在句子中充当的作用　　1)作主语　　不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。

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1.不定式在句子中充当的作用

1)作主语

不定式作主语：一般表示具体的某次动作。

Tocompletethe30-storiedbuildinginoneyearwasquiteadifficulttask.

Todothatimpliestakingresponsibility.

Fortheretobesomodernalibraryinthisruralareaissurprising.

当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。

Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages.

It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：

a)Itis+形容词(easy,important,difficult,foolish,inconvenient,unnecessary,right,wrong...)+(for/ofsb.)+不定式

ItisessentialtoreserveatableinadvanceofChristmasEve.

Itishardtoputmyhopesintowords.

Itisnoteasytocatchfishwithyourhandsonly.

ItisimportantforusyoungpeopletolearnEnglishandmasterit.

b)Itis+名词(apleasure,apity,apleasantthing,one'sduty,anhonor,ashame,acrime,noeasyjob...)+不定式

Itisasheerwasteoftimetoreadthatkindoftrash.

Itisapitytohavetogowithouther.

Itisagloriousdeathtodieforthepeople.

c)Ittakes/took(sb.)sometime(hours,months,days,alotoftime,patience...)+不定式

IttakesmethreehourstolearnEnglisheachday.

Ittookthemhalfthenighttogethomeinthesnow.

2)作表语

不定式作表语，常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如wish,idea,ask,purpose,duty,job等。

Themostimportantthingforone'shealthistohaveplentyofexercise.

Mychiefpurposehasbeentopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.

Thepurposeoftheorganizationistogreetallnewcomerstothecityandtoprovidethemwithanynecessaryinformation.

WhatIwantedwastogettheworkdoneasquicklyaspossible.

注意：当主语中有do的任何形式时，作表语的不定式中的to通常省略。

Whathewantstodomostis(to)enjoyhimselfeveryday.

Whattheydidlastnightwas(to)playcardstotheirheart’scontent.

3)作宾语

不定式作宾语，通常用在下列结构中：

a)“动词+不定式”结构：不定式直接跟在动词后面。

这类动词有：afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care,choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean,neglect,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,resolve,seek,tend,threaten,want等。

Iliketogooutforwalksinthewarmsunshineinspring.

Mymotherhatestomovefromplacetoplace,forshefeelstired.

Idecidetoworkhardandgetadoctor'sdegree.

Shefailedtofinishtheassignmentintime,andshewasworriedaboutit.

ThereisamanatthereceptiondeskwhoseemsveryangryandIthinkhemeanstomaketrouble.

I’dliketheretobearoomofmyown.

Idon’twanttheretobeanymisunderstandingbetweenus.

b)不定式作宾语还常用在下面结构中“主语+动词+it+形容词+不定式”

Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.

IthinkitimportanttolearnEnglishwellincollege.

使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine,prove,realize,suppose,think,等。

c)“wh-+不定式”结构

不定式前加一个疑问代词(what,which,who,whom,whose)或疑问副词(where,when,how,why)，以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个分句，这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：know,see,decide,tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe,perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。

Icouldn'tdecidewhichbooktochoose.

Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.

TheyfoundithardtodecidewhethertogoswimmingnextSundayortovisitAuntSally.

“wh-+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，还可以在句中作主语或者表语。

Whentostarttheprogramremainsundecided.

Thequestionishowtoputtheplansintopractice.

4)作状语

a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于soas(not)to和inorder(not)to之后，来强调这种目的。

Tolearnaforeignlanguagewell,youmustmakepainstakingefforts.

Mothersavedeverycentshecouldsparetopayformyschooling.

Wemustdevelopscienceandtechnologyathighspeedsoastoraisescientificandculturallevelofourcountry.

InordertogetahighmarkinBand4,hedidalotofexercisesbothingrammarandreadingcomprehension.

b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...asto,such...asto,onlyto...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。

IrushedtothestationasfastasIcould,onlytofindthetrainalreadygone.

Sheleftherhometownwithherbelovedman,nevertoreturn.

Nooneistoooldtolearn.

Wouldyoubesokindastocarrytheluggageforme?

c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：beableto,beafraidto,beaptto,beboundto,becertainto,beeasyto,beeagerto,befitto,belikelyto,bereadyto,besureto,beunableto,beunwillingto,bewillingto等。

ChineseteamisboundtowintheWorldCupthistime.

Itislikelytoraintoday,foritisverycloudy.

Iamwillingtohelpyouwithyourhomework,forwearefriends.

5)作宾语补足语

a)不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补足语：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,compel,command,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,find,hear,have,inform,invite,let,make,mean,notice,order,permit,persuade,remind,require,request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn,watch等。

Becauseofthecomplexityofthemodernequipment,mostofficesrequiresecretariestohavespecifiedtraining.

Heaskedyoutocallhimatteno'clock.

ThenoteremindsmetobecarefulwhateverIdo.

I'dneverallowmychildrentobehavelikethat.

b)当不定式在let,make,have,hear,lookat,listento,feel,observe,watch,notice,perceive(感觉到)等动词后面作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to。

Wheneversomethingiswrongwithyou,pleasedoletmeknow.

IwillhavethestudentswriteapassageaboutInternet.

Isawmymothershedtearsatthenewsthattheneighborgirlgotseriouslyhurtinacaraccident.

Itseemedsolongbeforeheheardthestonehitthewater.

6)作主语补足语

带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume,believe,know,report,say,suppose等。

Mr.BrownissaidtohaveleftforItalylastweek.(ItissaidthatMr.BrownleftforItalylastweek.)

Personshavebeensaidtoclimbonroofs,solvemathematicalproblems,composemusic,walkthroughwindowsandcommitmurderintheirsleep.

Heisreportedtohavewonthe100-meterrunningraceintheOlympicgames.

7)作定语

a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。

不定式常作下列名词的定语：attempt,ability,anything,chance,desire,determination,decision,effort,failure,intention,need,opportunity,plan,promise,pressure,right,tendency,time,way等。

Hiseffortstocarryouttheplanweresuccessful.

Ihavenointentiontogotothecinemawithyou.

Thereisnoneedtobotherhimwithsuchtrifles.

Thereisatendencytowritequitelongsentencesincommercialcorrespondence.

ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.

注意：不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。

Sheisaverynicepersontoworkwith.

Thisisanimportantissuetotalkabout.

b)由only,last,next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语。

Mr.Zhangisalwaysthefirstmantoarriveattheofficeandthelastmantoleave.

Idon'tthinkheisthebestonetodothework.

2.不带to的不定式(BareInfinitive)

在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：wouldrather...than(宁愿……也不),hadbetter...(最好)，can'thelpbut...(不得不),hadrather...(宁愿)，cannotbut...(不得不，必然)，may/mightaswell...(不妨)，letalone(更不用说),candonothingbut…(只能)。

You'dbetterreturnthebookstothelibraryontime.Otherwise,youwillbefined.

Ican'thelpbutwishthatnothingwouldgowrong.

Theyhadneverseensuchdeliciousfood,letaloneeatit.