分词是动词的一种非限定形式,主要起形容词和副词的作用,在句子中可作状语、表语、补语和定语。分词有两种,一种是现在分词,一种是过去分词。这两种分词在句子中能担任的成分大体相同,主要是在意思上有主动被动之分,现在分词一般有主动的意思,过去分词一般有被动的意思;有时它们表示的时间也不相同,现在分词一般表示进行,过去分词一般表示完成。
Takingadictionary,shebegantoprepareherlessons.(现在分词作状语)
Takenseparately,theproblemsarenotdifficulttosolve.(过去分词作状语)
Thestoryisinteresting.(现在分词作表语)
Weareinterestedinreading.(过去分词作表语)
Iheardhimsingingintheroom.(现在分词作补语)
Iheardthesongsungbyhim.(过去分词作补语)
Thisisanamusingstory.(现在分词作定语)
Therearesomefallenleavesontheground.(过去分词作定语)
分词作状语时,其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话,分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成分词的独立结构(或称为独立分句)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。
Themoonhasnolightofitsown,onlysunlightshiningonit.(附加说明)
Sherushedouttheroom,thelittlebabycarriedinherarms.(伴随动作)
Maggieranbacktothekitchen,eggsheldcarefullyinherhand.(伴随动作)
Circumstanceschanged,itisnecessaryforyoutomakeanewplan.(表示原因)
Aforceactingthroughadistance,workisdone.(表示条件)
Bothbrightsideanddarksideconsidered,youwillhavetheconfidencetoovercomethisdifficulty.(表示条件)
Allflightshavingbeencancelledbecauseofthesnowstorm,manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.
therebe句型和it也能引出分词独立结构,作状语修饰主句,there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。
Therebeingnothingelsetodo,wewenthome.
Therehavingbeennorain,theplantswithered.
Itbeingimpossibleformoststudentstoturnintheirpapersasscheduled,theteacherdecidedtogivethemanothertwodays.
Thesaleusuallytakesplaceoutsidethehouse,withtheaudience_________onbenches,chairsorboxes
A)havingseatedB)seatingC)seatedD)havingbeenseated
本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构,seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思,所以用过去分词,答案为C。
Somanydirectors_________,theboardmeetinghadtobeputoff.
A)wereabsentB)beingabsentC)beenabsentD)hadbeenabsent
本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系,因此选择B。
1.现在分词(presentparticiple)
a)作状语
Hearingthebadnews,shefainteddowntotheground.
Notknowinghowtodonext,theywenttoaskforhisadvice.
Havingfinishedthehomework,theboyrushedouttoplay.
b)作补语
WhenIpassedbyhisroom,Iheardhimsingingloudly.(作宾语补足语)
Hewasheardsingingloudlyintheroom.(作主语补足语)
Isawthemleavingthepartyquietly.(作宾语补足语)
c)作表语:此时的分词已经趋向形容词。
Thebookisquiteinteresting.
Itissurprisingthattheyareregardedasasocialevil.
Thegameheldyesterdaywasveryexciting.
d)作定语
Themangivingaspeechwasoneofmyformerclassmates.
Whoisthatguylookingsodisgusting?
Theexcitingnewsspreadquicklyalloverthecountry.
2)现在分词的完成体
现在分词的完成体主要用在状语中,表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。
Havingsucceededinthelastexamination,shewasmoreconfidentofanothersuccessinthecomingone.
Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.
Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywenttoplaycomputergame.
Nothavingmadeadequatepreparations,theythoughtitbettertopostponetheexcursiontillnextweek.
Hisparentshavingdied,theorphanisnowtakencareofbythegovernment.
Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.
3)现在分词被动态
在表示一个被动动作时,如果这个动作正在进行,或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生,我们可以用现在分词的被动态。
Thebridgebeingbuiltnowwillbecompletedinthreemonths.
Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.
Beingsurroundedbythestudents,theteacherwasansweringquestionsonebyone.
IfIcorrectsomeone,Iwilldoitwithasmuchgoodhumorandself-restraintasifIweretheone_________.
A)tocorrectB)correctingC)havingcorrectedD)beingcorrected
句意为:如果我批评某个人,我会尽量保持幽默,自我控制,像批评自己一样。one为代词,后面的动词为其修饰成分,故用分词,而且one与correct之间是动宾关系,故用分词被动态,答案为D)。
4)现在分词的完成被动式
现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前,且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)。
Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,heplannedtoworkhard.
Havingbeenexperimentedseveraltimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.
Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteacherdismissedthestudents.
5)现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示“主动和进行”,过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
a)分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语分句。
Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.
Usingwhatyouknowofwordstemsandwordformations,youcanmakeaguessatthemeaningofanewword.
Thestudentswentoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalking.
Accompaniedbyhisfriend,hewenttotherailwaystation.
Givenbetterattention,theplantscouldgrowbetter.
Helookedtiredanddepressed,visiblydisturbedbythenewsofhismother'sillness.
分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。
Nothavingenoughhands,weturnedtothemforhelp.
(Wedidn'thaveenoughhands)
Taughtbymistakesandsetbacks,wehavebecomewiserandhandledouraffairsbetter.(Wearetaught/teachus)
InspiredbytheInternational,theworkingpeopleofallcountrieshavebeenfightingfortheirfinalliberation.
(Theworkingpeoplewereinspired/inspiretheworkingpeople)
_________theearthtobeflat,manyfearedthatColumbuswouldfallofftheedge.
A)havingbelievedB)BelievingC)BelievedD)Beingbelieved
本句意思为:相信地球是平的,许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。“许多人”与“相信”之间是主谓关系,即分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此,应用现在分词,答案为B).
Nomatterhowfrequently_________,theworksofBeethovenalwaysattractlargeaudiences.
A)performingB)performedC)tobeperformedD)beingperformed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演,可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系,应该用过去分词,故答案为B.
b)“while(when,once,until,if,though等连词)+分词”结构:现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when,once,although,until,if等连词。
Whenleavingtheairport,shewavedagainandagaintous.
Whilewaitingforthetrain,Ihadalongtalkwithmysisteraboutherwork.
Oncerecovered,hethrewhimselfintohisworkandmadeeveryefforttodoitwell.
Althoughworkingveryhard,hefailedtopassthefinalexam.
Iftranslatedwordbyword,thepassagewillbedifficulttounderstand.
c)分词作定语:分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。
Wewillgoonwithourexperimentassoonaswegettheaddedfund.
Thisisreallyanexhaustingdaytoallofus!
Wecanseethepartofthemoonlightedbysunlight.
Afteranightspentinexcitementandsleeplessness,Iforcedmyselftotakealongwalkalongthebeachthenextday.
Moreandmoredevelopingcountriesestablishedstrategicpartnershipwithdevelopedcountries.
TheyoungsittingbetweenmysisterandmybrotherismycousinJack.
Asearlyas1649Ohiomadeadecisionthatfree,tax-supportedschoolsmustbeestablishedineverytown__________50householdsormore.
A)havingB)tohaveC)tohavehadD)havinghad
后面由分词做定语,而且town本身有50户以上人家,故town与分词间为主谓关系,应该用现在分词,答案为A)。
d)分词作宾语补足语:现在分词在see,watch,hear,observe,notice,feel,find,glimpse,glance等感官动词和lookat,listento等短语动词以及have,keep,get,catch,leave,set,start,send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。
Onthetopofthehill,wecouldseesmokerisingfromthechimneysinthevillage.
Thelittleboysatbesidetherailwaylineandwatchedthetrainsroaringby.
Weshouldnotleavehimwonderingwhatheshoulddo.
Iamsorrytohavekeptyouwaitingforsuchalongtime.
Icaughthimdozingoffinclass.
过去分词可以在allow,ask,consider,desire,expect,feel,find,get,have,hear,imagine,keep,like,make,observe,order,permit,prefer,remember,request,require,see,urge等动词后面作宾语补足语。
Aftermyencounterwithher,Ifoundmyselfgreatlyshaken.
Youshouldkeepherinformedofwhatisgoingonhere.
Theteacherexpectedthestudentswellpreparedfortheexamination.
在动词see,hear,feel,watch,notice,perceive,observe,listento,lookat后既可用现在分词做补语,也可用不定式做补语。用现在分词表示动作正在进行,用不定式表示动作的全过程已经完成。
IsawMr.Whitelookingintoashopwindow.
——Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?
——Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.
e)分词作表语:分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。
Thefilm“PearlHarbor”isreallyexciting.
Hisresponsetothequestionwasquitedisappointing.
Ifeltdisappointedathisresponse.
a)作状语
Thegirlsatthere,herheadbentlow.
Arousedbythecrash,heleapttohisfeet.
Heenteredtheroom,supportedbyhisdaughter.
b)作补语
Iheardthedooropened.(作宾语补足语)
Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.(作宾语补足语)
Theyshouldbekeptinformedofthegoing-onshere.(作主语补足语)
c)作表语
Theaudiencewereboredbecauseofthetediouslecture.
Theworkerssoonbecametired.
Hefeltratherletdownbytheirindifference.
d)作定语
Thisisanovelwrittenbya19thcenturywriter.
Allthosefallentreeswerecarrieddownthehillonshoulders.