考研英语语法难点归纳3思维导图

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2022-07-28

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考研英语语法难点归纳之代词代词及其指代一致知识点总结

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（三）代词及其指代一致

一．代词的指代

1．that的指代作用

that指代不可数名词和单数可数名词（如是复数，用those），后面通常跟有修饰语，如出现在比较结构中的that of。

如

Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.这里that指代前面的the role。

2．one的指代作用

one指代带不定冠词的单数可数名词，复数为ones。the one指代带定冠词的单数可数名词。

如：

A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.

[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this

答案为[C]

3．do的替代作用。

do代替动词，注意数和时态的变化。

如：

For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.

二．代词指代一致问题

代词指代一致是指指代的名词在性、数、格上是否一致，或者所照应的名词词组在某些方面保持一致。

如：

Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.

这里he指代前面的person。

It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.

这里its指代前面的两人的friendship。

Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.

这里me必须用宾格形式。

代词指代一致必须注意以下几个原则和规律：

1．邻近和靠近原则

由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)连接先行词时候，如果两个先行词在数和性上保持一致，就用其相应的一直的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致，人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数和性上保持一致。

Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.

Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination

If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

2．当no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代词作主语时候，其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则，采取单数形式。

Everybody talked at the top of his voice.

None of the boys can do it , can he?

Everything is ready, isn’t it?

3．当主语为复数形式，后跟each作同位语时，如果each位于动词之前，其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果 each位于动词之后，其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。

They each have two coats

we are each responsible for his own family

4．由and连接两个先行词，代词用复数

the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

三．谓语动词可用单数，也可以用复数的情况

1．就近一致原则

这种情况下，谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近该动词的主语的单复数，存在这种情况的主要由以下几种可能：

1）由连词 either…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…;not only…but (also) ;or 等连接的并列主语

2) 在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致

2．主语带有（together/along）with, such as, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, except, besides, with, combined with, in addition to , including, together with 等等附加成分，谓语的数不受附加成分的影响仍然与主语保持一致

3．关系代词做主语的定语从句中，谓语的数要与先行词一致。

4．一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时候，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数，名词是复数，谓语动词用复数，反之就用单数。这些短语包括：a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two-third (three-fourth…) of; eighty(ten, twenty…) percent; part of; rest of ; none of 等等

5．集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意思和数，当表示整体时候，谓语动词就用单数，当强调集体中的个体时候，谓语动词就用复数。这些集体名词如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop. Crowd, firm, family 等等

6．某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数：

第一组：

a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数

a number of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数

the majority of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数

第二组；

the number of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

each/every + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

neither/either of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

one and a half + 可数名词复数谓语用单数

第三组；

more than one + 可数名词单数谓语用单数