It'seasytoforgetthattheworldwidewebasweknowittodayevolvedfromanearlyattempttoputbooksontheinternet.WhenTimBerners-Leeenvisagedwhatwouldbecometheworldwideweb,itwaswiththeideaofmakingacademicpapersandotherdocumentswidelyavailable.Tothisendhedevisedasimplewayoflayingouttextandimagesonapage,inventingwhatwenowcallHypertextMarkupLanguageorHTML.
envisagevt.想像；设想[+(that)][+v-ing]
layout展示；安排；布置
EarlyHTMLcoulddefinepagesandparagraphs,boldanditalicisetext,embedimagesandlayouttables.Alittlemorethan20yearslater,HTML5includesmediaplaybackandanimation,andthewebhasnowbecomesoubiquitousthatformostusersitisindistinguishablefromtheunderlyingframeworkoftheinternetitself,butatitscorethetechnologyofthewebremainslittlechanged.Everywebpage,howeversophisticateditmayseem,isbasicallyadigitalbookthatwereadonourcomputerthroughourwebbrowser.
ubiquitousadj.到处存在的，无处不在的，十分普遍的
indistinguishablea.难区分的，不能分辨的
sophisticatedadj.成熟的；复杂的；精致的
webbrowser浏览器
SowhenHughMcGuire,founderofPressBooksandLibriVox,statedtodaythatthebookandtheinternetwillmerge,hewasinonesensesimplyreiteratingwhatisalreadythecase.Butfromtheperspectiveofpeoplewithoutthetechnicalknowledgetoseehowcloselyentwinedthebookandtheinternetalreadyare,ithasthewhiffofyetanotherdoom-mongerproclaimingthedeathofthebookasweknowit.
mergev.[I]1.合并，融合2.消失3.吞没
entwinevt.1.使缠绕2.使交错；使紧密结合vi.缠绕；纠缠在一起
McGuire'sargumenthingesontherecentemergenceofebooksasaseriouscontendertotheprintbookasthedominantartefactofthepublishingindustry,withsomesuggestingthatebookswillmakeup50%ofthebookmarketby2015thankstotheKindle,iPadandsmartphones.Ebooksaredeliberatelypackagedandmarketedtoappearasmuchliketraditionalprintbooksaspossible,somanyreaderswillbesurprisedtodiscoverthatebooksarebuiltaroundmuchthesameHTMLstructurethatpowerstheweb.Everyebook,nomatterhowmuchlikeaprintbookitmayseem,isawebpagethatwereadonthesimplifiedbrowserembeddedinoure-readerofchoice.
hingen.[C]1.铰链2.枢纽,关键,中心vt.1.给...安装铰链[H]vi.1.靠铰链转动2.决定于[W][(+on/upon)]
Thedistinctionbetweentheebook/webpage,webpage/ebookisnotamaterialone.Intechnologicaltermstheyareexactlythesamething.ButwhenMcGuirefirstmootedhisargumentonTwitterinAprillastyearmyresponselikelymirrorstheresponseofmanybookreaders,"Booksareresearched,written,edited,published,marketed…andhencepaidfor.Theinternetisegonoise,hencefree."Thedistinctionmanyofusdrawbetweenabookandawebpageisoneofqualityandhenceofvalue.TherealquestionraisedbyMcGuire'sargumentiswhetherwecontinuetovalueebooksasbooks,oraswebpages.Booksaresomethingwepayfor.Webpagesarethingswereadforfree.Whichmodelwillwinout?
winout胜出；最后获得成功
Unlessyouareoneoftheverysmallnumberofpeoplewhosefortunesrestupontheoutdatedbusinessmodelofpublishing,youshouldhopethatthelatterwins.Becausethisisaboutamuchbiggerissuethanhowwritersandeditorsgetpaidforthevaluableworktheydo.Forhundredsofyearswe'vebeenslowlyexpandingthereachofhumanknowledge,bothintermsofwhatweknowandhowmanyofusknowit.TodaywetakearesourcelikeWikipediaforgranted–butcompareitwiththesituationofonlyafewdecadesago,whenthemajorityofthepopulationhadlackedeasyaccesstosuchknowledge.Thebenefitsofexpandingaccesstoknowledge,bothsocialandeconomic,areincalculable.
take……forgranted认为……理所当然
Nowwestandatthethresholdofpossiblythemostrevolutionaryadvancesinhumanhistory.Thecombinedtechnologiesoftheinternet–HTMLwebpages,ebooks,searchtechnology,socialmediaandmanymore–areveryclosetomakingallhumanknowledgeaccessibletoallpeopleforfree.Eventheshort-termconsequencesofthisadvancearehardtoenvisage,andinthelongtermithasthepotentialtoimproveourfutureasmuchastheinventionoftheprintingpressimprovedourpastandpresent.
thresholn.[C]1.阈值，下限2.门槛3.开端
inthelongterm从长远看
Everytimesocietyadvances,itfaceschallengesfromthosepeopleeconomicallyandemotionallyinvestedinthepast.Undoubtedlystoneageflintknapperswerelessthanhappyaboutbronze-agetechnologydisturbingtheirbusinessmodel.Themedievalchurchwasnonetopleasedaboutprintingtechnologybreakingtheirhegemonyoverknowledge,butwe'dneverhavehadtheEnlightenmentwithoutit.Todaythemedia-conglomerates,governmentsandeducationalinstitutionsthatprofitfromgatekeepingknowledgeofallkindsarepushingtheStopOnlinePiracyAct,andevenmoredraconianlegislationtotryandholdbackthefloodoffreeknowledgethatthreatenstheirpower.Unlesswewanttostayintheknowledgeequivalentofthestoneage,andmissthenextenlightenmenttheknowledgerevolutionpromisestobringwithit,weshouldallredoubleoureffortstomakesuretheylose.
equivalenta.1.相等的；相同的[(+to)]2.等价的；等值的；等量的；等效的[(+to)]3.同意义的n.[C]1.相等物；等价物[(+of/to)]2.同义字[(+of/for)]
Forcenturiesthebookhasbeenthehighestsymbolofknowledge.Theobjectthathasenshrinedandpreservedknowledgethroughhistory.Thebookissoinextricablylinkedwithourconceptofknowledgethatformanypeopleitishardtoseparateonefromtheother.Butforhumanknowledgetoreachitsfullpotential,wemayhavetoletgoofthebook-as-objectfirst,oropenourthinkingtoaradicallydifferentdefinitionofwhatabookis.
enshrinevt.1.把...置于神龛内2.把...奉为神圣3.珍藏；铭记
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