“Withtheincreaseinthenumberofsuchadvertisements,however,eachadvertiserwithinacertaingroupiscompetingwithothersinthesamegroupforthereader’sattention”，故选项D正确。Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity.Behaviorists,whostudytherelationbetweenactionsand,arguethatrewardscanimproveperformanceatworkandschool.Someotherresearcherswhostudyvariousaspectsofmentallife,maintainthoserewardsoftendestroycreativitybyencouragingdependenceonapprovalandgiftsfromothers.
Thelatterviewhasgainedmanysupporters,especiallyamongeducators.Butthecarefuluseofsmallmonetaryrewardssparksingrade-schoolchildrensuggestingthatproperlypresentedinducementsindeedaidinventiveness,accordingtoastudyintheJuneJournalPersonalityandSocialPsychology.
“Iftheyknowthey'reworkingforarewardandcanfocusonarelativelychallengingtask,theyshowthemostcreativity,”saysRobertEsenbergeroftheUniversityofDelawareinNewark.“Butit'seasytokillcreativitybygivingrewardsforpoorperformanceorcreatingtoomuchanticipationforrewards.”
Ateacherwhocontinuallydrawsattentiontorewardsorwhohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents,Esenbergerholds.Asanexampleofthelatterpoint,henotesgrowingeffortsatmajoruniversitiestotightengradingstandardsandrestorefallinggrades.
Inearliergrades,theuseofso-calledtokeneconomics,inwhichstudentshandlechallengingproblemsandreceiveperformance-basedpointstowardvaluedrewards,showspromiseinraisingeffortandcreativity,theDelawarepsychologistclaims.
1.Psychologistsaredividedwithregardtotheirattitudestoward____.
A)thechoicebetweenspiritualencouragementandmonetaryrewards
B)theappropriateamountofexternalrewards
C)thestudyofrelationshipbetweenactionsand
D)theeffectsofexternalrewardsonstudents'performance
2.Whatistheviewheldbymanyeducatorsconcerningexternalrewardsforstudents?
A)Theyapproveofexternalrewards.
B)Theydon'tthinkexternalrewards.
C)Theyhavedoubtsaboutexternalrewards.
D)Theybelieveexternalrewardscanmotivatesmallchildren,butnotcollegestudents.
3.Accordingtotheresultofthestudymentionedinthepassage,whatshouldeducatorsdotostimulatemotivationandcreativity?
A)Giverewardsforperformanceswhichdeservethem.
C)Assigntaskswhicharenotverychallenging.
D)Bemorelenienttostudentswhenmistakesaremade.
4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmajoruniversitiesaretryingtotightentheirgradingstandardsbecausetheybelieve____.
A)rewardingpoorperformancemaykillthecreativityofstudents’
B)punishmentismoreeffectivethanrewarding
C)failinguninspiredstudentshelpsimprovetheiroverallacademicstandards
D)discouragingthestudentsanticipationforeasyrewardsismatterofurgency
5.Whichofthefollowingfactsabout“tokeneconomics”isnotcorrect?
A)Studentsareassignedchallengingtasks.
B)Rewardsaregivenforgoodperformances.
C)Studentsareevaluatedaccordingtotheefforttheyputintothetask.
D)Withtokeneconomics,students’creativitycanbeenhanced.
1.D
心理学家认为外界的奖励对学生会有不同的影响。事实辨析题。根据文章第一句话“Psychologiststakeopposingviewsofhowexternalrewards,fromwarmpraisetooldcash,affectmotivationandcreativity”可知，心理学家的分歧在于来自外界的奖励对学生的积极性和创造性究竟有什么影响，故选项D正确.
2.C
文章第二段第一句话提到，后一种观点得到了许多教育工作者的支持，从第一段中可知，后一种观点是：奖励会促使学生对别人的赞许和馈赠产生依赖心理，因此奖励会破坏创造精神。由此可知，他们对奖励的正面作用持怀疑态度。故选项C正确。
3.A
根据文中的研究结果表明，教育家通过给予学生应得的奖励来提高他们的积极性和创造性。文章第三段指出，给予学生恰当的奖励，可使他们发挥更大的创造性，但如果对糟糕的表现也给予奖励，或让学生对奖励有太多的期许，反而会扼杀创造性。故选项A正确。
4.B
从文中可以得知，一些重点大学试图加强等级标准，因为他们相信惩罚比奖励更有效。事实辨析题。从文中第四段可知，许多大学之所以严格考试的评分标准，是因为“Ateacher...whohandsouthighgradesforordinaryachievementendsupwithuninspiredstudents”。选项B与此意相同。
5.C
根据学生的表现对他们做出评价。事实辨析题。根据最后一段的意思，在这种奖励制度下，要根据学生的表现对他们做出评价，而不仅仅是他们花费了多少精力来完成任务，故选项C正确。
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