Longafterthe1998WorldCupwaswon,disappointedfanswerestillcursingthedisputedrefereeing(裁判)decisionsthatdeniedvictorytotheirteam.Aresearcherwasappointedtostudytheperformanceofsometopreferees.
Theresearcherorganizedanexperimentaltournament(锦标赛)involvingfouryouthteams.Eachmatchlastedanhour,dividedintothreeperiodsof20minutesduringwhichdifferentrefereeswereincharge.
Observersnoteddownthereferees’errors,ofwhichtherewere61overthetournament.Convertedtoastandardmatchof90minutes,eachrefereemadealmost23mistakes,aremarkablyhighnumber.
Theresearcherthenstudiedthevideotapestoanalyzethematchesindetail.Surprisingly,hefoundthaterrorsweremorelikelywhentherefereeswereclosetotheincident.Whentheofficialsgotitright,theywere,onaverage,17metersawayfromtheaction.Theaveragedistanceinthecaseoferrorswas12meters.Theresearchshowstheoptimum(最佳的)distanceisabout20meters.
Therealsoseemedtobeanoptimumspeed.Correctdecisionscamewhentherefereesweremovingataspeedofabout2meterspersecond.Theaveragespeedforerrorswas4meterspersecond.
IfFIFA,football’sinternationalrulingbody,wantstoimprovethestandardofrefereeingatthenextWorldCup,itshouldencouragerefereestokeeptheireyesontheactionfromadistance,ratherthanrushingtokeepupwiththeball,theresearcherargues.
HealsosaysthatFIFA’sinsistencethatrefereesshouldretireatage45maybemisguided.Ifkeepingupwiththeactionisnotsoimportant,theirphysicalconditionislesscritical.
Choosecorrectanswerstothequestion:
1.Theexperimentconductedbytheresearcherwasmeantto_______.
A.reviewthedecisionsofrefereesatthe1998WorldCup
B.analyzethecausesoferrorsmadebyfootballreferees
C.setastandardforfootballrefereeing
D.reexaminetherulesforfootballrefereeing
2.Thenumberofrefereeingerrorsintheexperimentalmatcheswas_______.
B.higherthaninthe1998WorldCup
D.ashighasinastandardmatch
3.Thefindingsoftheexperimentshowthat_______.
A.errorsaremorelikelywhenarefereekeepsclosetotheball
B.thefarthertherefereeisfromtheincident,thefewertheerrors
C.themoreslowlytherefereeruns,themorelikelywillerrorsoccur
D.errorsarelesslikelywhenarefereestaysinonespot
4.Theword“officials”(Line2,Para.4)mostprobablyrefersto_______.
A.theresearchersinvolvedintheexperiment
B.theinspectorsofthefootballtournament
C.therefereesofthefootballtournament
D.theobserversatthesiteoftheexperiment
5.Whatisoneofthepossibleconclusionsoftheexperiment?
A.Theidealretirementageforanexperiencedfootballrefereeis45.
B.Ageshouldnotbethechiefconsiderationinchoosingafootballreferee.
C.Afootballrefereeshouldbeasyoungandenergeticaspossible.
D.Anexperiencedfootballrefereecandowellevenwheninpoorphysicalcondition.
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