chapter6Pragmatic思维导图

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2022-12-28

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思维导图大纲

contents(some basic notions)

speech act theory

principle of converstion

cross-cultural pragmatic failure

definition

is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication

is regarded as a kind of meaning study

reflects the relationship between the language and context

Pragmatics vs. Semantics

Semantics

literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration)

--Sentence level --Literal meaning --In isolation --Stable product

Pragmatics

the intended meaning of a speaker (taking context into consideration)

--Chunks of conversation --Implied meaning --In connection with context --Dynamic process

Pragmatics =semantics + context

Context

definition

a basic concept in the study of pragmatics

It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer

Context determines the speaker's use of language and also the hearer's interpretation of what is said to him.

Sentence meaning vs. Utterance meaning

definition

Sentence

is a grammatical and self-contained unit in isolation from context

Utterance

is something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose

Sentence meaning

Abstract and decontextualized

Literal meaning of a sentence

What does X mean?

Utterance meaning

Concrete and context-dependent meaning

Intended meaning of a speaker

What did you mean by X?

notes

The meaning of an utterance is based on the sentence meaning

Utterance meaning is richer than sentence meaning

Speech Act Theory

Basic Knowledge and Development

presenter

British philosopher John Austin in his book "How to Do Things with Words"

aim

aims at answering the question "What do we do when using language?" -- performing acts via utterances

refers to the theory that analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker or the hearer ininternersonal communication

Two Types of Utterance

Constatives

statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable

Austin's New Model of Speech Acts

definition

the model is to explain the way acts were performed by means of language

three acts

locutionary act

an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (literal meaning of an utterance)

illocutionary act

an act performed in saying something: in saying X, l was doing Y (the intention of the speaker while speaking)

perlocutionary act

an act performed by or as a result of saying something: by saying X and doing Y, I did Z. "说话” 带来的结果it does not necessarily happen.

Searle's Classification of Speech Acts

Assertives/representatives

the illocutionary point of the speech is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said

言外之的

performative verbs: assert, state, think, believe

Directives

the illocutionary point of directives is to try to get the hearer to do something

performative verbs: request, ask, advise, order, invite, warn etc.

Commissives

the illocutionary point of commissives is to commit the speaker to some future course of action

performative verbs: promise, undertake, vow etc.

Expressives

the illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance

performative verbs: thank, regret, congratulate etc

Declarations

the illocutionary point of declarations is to bring the correspondence between what is said and reality.

performative verbs: name, declare, appoint etc

Indirect speech acts

Indirect language

when someone is not saying in an explicit and straightforward manner what he means to say, rather he is trying to put across his message in an implicit, roundabout way, we can say he is using indirect language

Indirect speech act

definition

The kind of speech acts, or illocutionary acts, "in which one illocutionary act is performed indirectly by way of performing another is called indirect acts.

The classification of indirect speech act

Primary speech act

the speaker's goals of communication (utterance meaning)

Secondary speech act

the means by which he achieves his goal (sentence/ literal meaning)