chapter5思维导图

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2022-12-27

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chapter5

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some view concerning the study

The Naming theory(Plato)命名论

The conceptualist view概念论

Contextualist (JR Firth)语境论

two types of context

situation context

spatiotemporal situation时空

linguistic context

a word's co-occurrence or collocation

Behaviorism(Bloomfield)

the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer

Sense and Reference意义和所指

They concerned with the study of word meaning .

They are two related but different aspects of meaning

Sense: concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form./collection of al l the features of linguistic form/it is abstract and de- contextualized/it is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers

Reference: what a linguistic form refers to in the real 、physical world ,it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience

Relation:Linguistic forms the same sense may have different references in different situations./There are occasions ,when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense

Semantic changes

broading of meaning

refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive

narrowing of meaning

meaning shift

is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and aquires a new meaning

Some relations between words

synonymy同义

1.dialectal synonyms: synonyms used in different regional dialects

2.stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style or degree of formality

3.synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: words that wear the same meaning but express different emotions of the user

4.collocational synonyms: synonyms differ in their collocation

5. semantically different synonyms： synonyms that differ in what they mean

antoymy反义

gradable antonyms

complementary antonyms

relational opposites

polysemy一词多义

1. it has its primary meaning

2. it requires other meanings as the growth or change in meanings of the world

3. the meanings of word have some associations

homonymy同形异义

homophone

when two words are identical in social

homograph

when two words are identical in spelling

complete homony

when two words are identical in both sound and spelling

hyponymy上下义

1.superordinate上义词：the word which is more general in meaning

2.hyponym/subordinate下义词：the word which is more specific in meaning

3.co-hyponyms举例下义词：hyponyms of the same superordinate

Sentences

X is synonymous with Y

X is inconsistent with Y

X entails Y

X presupposes Y

X is a contradiction

X is semantically anomalous

Analysis

componential analysis成分分析

based on the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components called semantic features

predication analysis述谓分析

a way to analyse meaning (British G Leech)

predication-the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument 变元 and predicate谓语

classification

1.one-place

2.two-place

3.three-place

4.no-place

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Chapter5 William Shakespeare思维导图

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Chapter5 William Shakespeare

高中英语之主语从句思维导图

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