Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of gonadal steroid hormones 思维导图

U877301971

2024-11-01

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Advances in molecularly imprinted polymers-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of gonadal steroid hormones

基于分子

各种矩阵中的MIECS

埃斯特里奥（E3）

基于分子印迹聚合物的电化学传感器检测性腺类固醇激素的研究进展内容介绍

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abstract、Keywords:

Molecular imprinting Polymers Electrochemical sensors Gonads Steroid hormones

Introduction

Steroid hormones

a class of biologically active lipophilic compounds with a low molecular weight that can modulate the physiological processes of humans or animals such as sexual characteristics, metabolism, and mood control. Steroid hormones are secreted by steroid glands such as the sex organs, adrenal cortex, and placenta.

Gonadal steroid hormones (GSH)

Gonadal steroid hormones (GSH) are a class of steroid hormones,mainly derived from the physiological synthesis (natural) and artificial synthesis (non-natural) in humans/animals. Since the 1990s, with the yearly increase in population and animal huandry, the overuse of synthetic oral con traceptives and contemporaneous estrus drugs has eventually led to an annual increase in GSH released into the environment

present methods of detecting GSH

Since the 1950s to the present, several major methods for the analysis of GSH levels have been reported, such as bioassays , im munoassays , high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC),gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) , liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), capillary elec trophoresis, and spectrophotometric methods , etc .

The integration of electrochemical sensing and molecular imprinting technology

molecularly imprinted electro chemical sensors (MIECS) obtained by combining MIPs with electro chemical sensors has the advantages of good linear range, low relative,standard deviation (RSD), low limit of detection (LOD), and specific recognition of target substances.

Molecular imprinting polymers (MIPs)

Concept of MIPs

MIPs, a highly bionic polymer called "artificial antibodies", have attracted the attention of researchers in the field of hormone determi nation due to their unique and deliberate selectivity and ease of prep aration of portable devices.

Selection of MIPs components

In recent years, researchers have increasingly used software calculation methods when selecting the optimal chemical configuration for the preparation of MIPs

Polymerization methods of MIPs

there are generally two methods for the preparation of MIPs, chemical polymerization and electropolymerization.

The role of MIPs in electrochemical sensing and biosensing

MIPs were applied in the area of biosensors, including MIECS, molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensors, fluo rescence sensors , quantum weak measurement sensors, surface plasmon resonance sensors , surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensors , and quartz crystal microbalance sensors

MIPs combined with electrochemical sensor technology to prepare MIECS

Voltammetry detection based on MIPs

Voltammetry, an electroanalytical technique commonly used in electrochemical sensors for MIPs, is based on operating at a controlled variable potential, with the current varying as a function of the change in potential.

Amperometric detection based on MIPs

Amperometry allows the detection of the analyte by measuring the current at a constant potential, correlating the measured current with the analyte concentration

EIS detection based on MIPs

EIS can be used to analyze materials’ intrinsic properties and study the specific processes of re sistivity or dielectric constant of electrochemical systems

Potentiometric detection based on MIPs

In potentiometry, the change in potential determined underflow or batch conditions is utilized to quantify the number of ions in a solution.

MIECS in various matrices

Application of MIECS in GSH detection

Natural GSH

Estradiol (E2)

Wen T. et al. developed a novel electrochemical sensor combining MIPs with nanopore technology for sensitive and highly selective detection of 17β-E2 . The performance of the nanowell-based MIECS was investigated by the detection of 17β-E2 in spiked food samples.

Estriol (E3)

X. Xin et al. reported a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for detecting E3 based on novel MIPs

Estrone (E1)

Song H et al. reported an electrochemical sensor using MIPs modified with carbon paste electrodes (CPE) for the determination of estrone 3- sulfate sodium salt (ESS) with high sensitivity and selectivity.

Testosterone (T)

E. Kellens et al. proposed a facile method for combining microfluidic systems with in situ photopolymerization on functionalized diamond substrates [

Progesterone (PG)

Anila Rose Cherian et al. proposed an electrochemical method for detecting PG using DPV by forming a composite film with 3-thiophene acetic acid (3-TAA) and combining molecular imprinting technology

Synthetic GSH

Ethinyl estradiol (EE2)

Anderson M. Santos et al. developed a method for the detection of EE2 using functionalized graphene (FG), graphene quantum dots (GQD), and magnetic nanoparticles coated with MIPs on screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modified to obtain mag@MIPs .

Levonorgestrel (LNG)

No report on the detection of LNG based on MIECS has been found. A review of the relevant literature only revealed a report of an MIPs-based solid-phase extraction method for extracting this emergency contraceptive LNG from water samples. Xiaoling Qi et al. developed a broad selective MIPs solid phase extraction (MISPE) for LNG in water samples.

Comparison of methods for detecting GSH

Conclusion and outlook

Currently, the preparation of MIECS has been reported, and most of the research has focused on the use of single or composite nanomaterials. As the nanomaterials can increase the conductive surface area of the electrode, substantially increasing the sensitivity of the sensor, the future development of sensors and nanomaterials designed to be applied to the MIECS are one of the main innovations and focuses of study. Therefore, developing naval methods for polymerizing MIPs the problem and innovative point in the current MIPs. In conclusion, numerous GSH do not possess MIECS as a means of content analysis. Consequently, this sensor holds great promise for the rapid and real-time analysis of GSH.

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