Humans think of themselves as the world’s apex predators.Hence the silence of sabre-tooth tigers,the absence of moasfrom New Zealand and the long list of endangered megafauna.But SARS-COV-2 shows how people can also end up as prey.Viruses have caused alitany of modern pandemics,from covid-19,to HIV/AIDS tothe influenza outbreak in 1918-20,which killed many more people than the firstworld war.Before that,the colonisation of the Americas by Europeans wasabetted—and perhaps made possible—by epidemics of smallpox,measles andinfluenza brought unwittingly by the invaders,which annihilated many of theoriginal inhabitants.
The influence of viruses on life on Earth,though,goes far beyond the past and present tragedies of a single species,howeverpressing they seem.Though the study of viruses began as an investigation intowhat appeared to be a strange subset of pathogens,recent research puts them atthe heart of an explanation of the strategies of genes,both selfish and otherwise.
Viruses are unimaginably varied and ubiquitous.And itis becoming clear just how much they have shaped the evolution of all organismssince the very beginnings of life.In this,they demonstrate the blind,pitiless power of natural selection at its most dramatic.And—for one group ofbrainy bipedal mammals that viruses helped create—they also present a heady mixof threat and opportunity.
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